2026-10-04T11:04:43Z https://gpsrjournal.com/oai/?metadataPrefix=oai_dc&verb=ListRecords

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393440 2016-12-30 gpsr

Novel Crosslinking Methods to Design Hydrogels Hina Shoukat Fahad Pervaiz Sobia Noreen Smoking Addiction Bahawalpur community Hydrogels are presently under consideration as matrices for the controlled bioactive molecules delivery particularly proteins and for living cells encapsulation. For these applications, gels must undergo degradation under physiological conditions. This overview summarized and discussed the various physical and chemical crosslinking methods to design hydrogels that are biodegradable. Highly versatile method to prepare hydrogels with good mechanical stability is chemical crosslinking. However, the crosslinker employed can give undesirable reactions with the bioactive substances present in the hydrogel matrix and are often toxic. So, it required to be removed from the gels before application. Physically crosslinked gels can be developed to overcome these adverse effects. Distortion due to variations in environmental conditions like presence of solute particles, ionic strength, pH, temperature and stress are the major disadvantages of reversible gels Humanity Publications Faculty of Pharmacy & Alternative medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy & Alternative medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy & Alternative medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/novel-crosslinking-methods-to-design-hydrogels https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2016(I-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393441 2016-12-30 gpsr

Development and Characterization of Bilayer Sustained Release Tablets of Tramadol HCl and Acetaminophen Rashid Javed Sana Ijaz Kainat Waqar Muhammad Imran Khan Tramadol Acetaminophen Eudragit HPMC K15 Bilayer Sustained release The aim of the present study was to develop bilayer sustained release tablets of to improve patient compliance of two drugs, tramadol and paracetamol. Immediate release layer contained both drugs tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen while the sustained release layer was designed only for the tramadol hydrochloride. Hydrophobic polymers Eudragit L-100, Eudragit S-100 and hydrophilic polymer hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K15), and wet granulation technique to produce bilayer matrix tablets. FTIR studies revealed no incompatibility among the ingredients. Out of 16 trials developed and characterized for weight variation, thickness, diameter, hardness, and friability, F16 showed promising result with immediate layer releasing drug 29% in 2 hours followed by sustained release 77% drug over 12 hours and followed zero order release. Therefore, bilayer sustained release tablets of tramadol with simultaneous loading of Paracetamol can be developed using Eudragit S-100 and hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC K15) at equimolar content levels. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore, Lahore Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore, Lahore Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore, Lahore Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore, Lahore Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/development-and-characterization-of-bilayer-sustained-release-tablets-of-tramadol-hcl-and-acetaminophen https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2016(I-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393442 2016-12-30 gpsr

Synthesis and In-vitro Characterization of Celecoxib Emulgel Zahrah Hasan Maryam Anwar Muhammad Farhan Sohail Tanveer Ahmed Khan Emulgel Celecoxib Carbopol 934 topical The study was aimed at developing a topical preparation of Celecoxib, a COX inhibitor available in oral dosage form only, for localized and systemic effects. Initially, celecoxib containing microemulsion was developed using liquid paraffin, tween 20, water, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, menthol and clove oil. These components were incorporated into Carbopol 934 gel, with varying ratio to achieve stable emulgel formulation. The emulgel appeared as smooth white homogenized formulation having pH 6.6-6.8. The rheological properties showed pseudo plastic nature with yield stress. The spreadability and extrudability showed sufficient consistency for ease of processing, filling and application. Microbial assay showed no contamination to ensure the stability of formulation upon storage. Ex-vivo bio-adhesive strength and skin irritation test showed no irritation on rat skin. All these parameters suggested that emulgel can be explored and developed as an effective alternative formulation for the local and systemic application of celecoxib. various body tissues, connected by blood circulatory system. Another name for non-compartmental analysis is model-independent approach that means it does not require any compartment model. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. scholar, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Raiwind Road, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. scholar, Saulat institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/synthesis-and-invitro-characterization-of-celecoxib-emulgel https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2016(I-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393443 2016-12-30 gpsr

Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes: Novel Techniques to Improve Solubility of Poorly Soluble Drugs: A Review Sobia Noreen Irsah Maqbool Muhammad Ijaz Sairah Tanveer Cyclodextrins solubility Inclusion Complexes Bioavailability For a formulation scientist, the dilemma of solubility is a crucial test during the product development phase that can be resolved by opting various technological strategies. Some of the strategies that are usually applied for enhancing solubility of drugs with low aqueous solubility include micronization, solvent deposition and solid dispersion. With these approaches, some advantages as well as drawbacks, are affiliated. The strategy of complexation amid all techniques, has been applied more accurately for the improvement of dissolution profile, aqueous solubility, and bioavailability of poorly soluble drug candidates. Cyclodextrin are unique cyclic carbohydrates that have been exploited as successful complexing agents having capability of forming inclusion complexes with insoluble drugs. Numerous strategies have been considered to analyze the methods for preparation of inclusion complexes. In this review, we have pursued the discussion on different complexation techniques and in a nutshell, emphasized the applications and economical/technical limitations related to these techniques. Humanity Publications Faculty of Pharmacy & Alternative medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy & Alternative medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Austria. Dow College of Pharmacy (DUHS), Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/cyclodextrin-inclusion-complexes-novel-techniques-to-improve-solubility-of-poorly-soluble-drugs-a-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2016(I-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393444 2016-12-30 gpsr

Efficacy of Tobacco Packaging Health Warning Labels Enlightening Smokers about the Risk of Smoking Sobia Noreen Fahad Pervaiz Hina Shoukat Smoking Addiction Bahawalpur community Smoking is a psychosomatic addiction that is injurious to health and cause serious addiction. According to WHO, globally one of the prominent causes of death & disability is cigarette smoking, affecting all parts of body. Five million deaths occur each year. Aim of the study is to evaluate warning labels of cigarette effectiveness in advising smokers of smoking health risks, thus motivating them to quit smoking. An evaluative survey was conducted in the Bahawalpur community by using a self-administered questionnaire as a tool to elicit data. When percentage was compared among four groups, the highest scoring was of 16-25 year age group. Next to them was the age group 25-45 & least percentage was of 45-60 age groups. Today, the labels are trivial & simply overwhelmed by the packing schemes on cigarette boxes. Additionally, smokers turn habitual zed to the elegance of brands, to the point that labels go unnoticed. Due to the lack of effectiveness of warning labels, there is a need to adopt Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) guidelines in Pakistan. There is a need to conduct anti-smoking efforts; otherwise, the annual death toll will double if the current consumption trend continues. Humanity Publications PhD. Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD. Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/efficacy-of-tobacco-packaging-health-warning-labels-enlightening-smokers-about-the-risk-of-smoking https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2016(I-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393445 2017-12-30 gpsr

Nanoformulated Myristic Acid for Antimicrobial Applications Mubashar Rehmana Adeel Arshad Muhammad Asadullah Madni Antimicrobial Resistance MRSA Fatty Acids Algae Nanoparticles Antibiotics Free fatty acids possess antimicrobial properties in the natural defense system of many eukaryotes. In this study, we synthesized nanoformulations of myristic acid for antimicrobial activity. The myristic acid nanoformulations (MN) were unstable due to crystallization. This problem was overcome by the addition of the liquid fatty acids and by using two surfactants of hydrophilic and lipophilic nature. MN exhibited a small size (100 nm), and their physical form was affected by the amount of the liquid fatty acid. MN with myristic acid and liquid fatty acid in 1:1 formed solid NLC and 2:3 formed liquid nanoemulsions. In antimicrobial studies, MN was effective against the Gram- positive bacteria, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtillis, and the Gram-negative bacteria, i.e. Pseudomonas eruginosa and Salmonella typhi. MN8 (Myristic acid and oleic acid in 2:3) showed the highest antimicrobial activity and should be explored as potential antimicrobial agents against more strains of microorganisms. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/nanoformulated-myristic-acid-for-antimicrobial-applications https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2017(II-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393446 2017-12-30 gpsr

Nanoformulated Myristic Acid for Antimicrobial Applications Antimicrobial Resistance MRSA Fatty Acids Algae Nanoparticles Antibiotics Free fatty acids possess antimicrobial properties in the natural defense system of many eukaryotes. In this study, we synthesized nanoformulations of myristic acid for antimicrobial activity. The myristic acid nanoformulations (MN) were unstable due to crystallization. This problem was overcome by the addition of the liquid fatty acids and by using two surfactants of hydrophilic and lipophilic nature. MN exhibited a small size (100 nm), and their physical form was affected by the amount of the liquid fatty acid. MN with myristic acid and liquid fatty acid in 1:1 formed solid NLC and 2:3 formed liquid nanoemulsions. In antimicrobial studies, MN was effective against the Gram- positive bacteria, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtillis, and the Gram-negative bacteria, i.e. Pseudomonas eruginosa and Salmonella typhi. MN8 (Myristic acid and oleic acid in 2:3) showed the highest antimicrobial activity and should be explored as potential antimicrobial agents against more strains of microorganisms. Humanity Publications 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/https://gpsrjournal.com/api/api/get_paper.php?url=nanoformulated-myristic-acid-for-antimicrobial-applications https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2017(II-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393447 2017-12-30 gpsr

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Venlafaxine Zubair Anwar Tanveer Ahmed Khan Muhammad Farhan Sohail Maryam Anwar Sustained Release Matrix Tablets Venlafaxine Ethyl Cellulose (EC) hydroxypropyl methylcellulose Sustained release matrix tablets of venlafaxine were formulated using synthetic polymers (ethylcellulose & hydroxypropyl methylcellulose). Six (06) different batches of matrix tablets of venlafaxine (dose 75 mg) were prepared by the wet granulation method. Polymers were used alone or in combination. The physical properties of compressed tablets were evaluated. In vitro release drug studies were performed in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 over 24 hours. The drug release data fitted well to the First-order (R2 = 0.9725 – 0.9900). The n value obtained for most batches ranged from 0.523 to 0.946 indicates that the drug is released through an anomalous or non–Fickian transport. Results revealed that the combination of ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose produced a sustained effect compared to hydroxypropyl methylcellulose alone. Formulation F6 containing single polymer (EC) showed the highest control over initial burst release, and extended-release of the drug continued up to 16 hours. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/formulation-and-in-vitro-evaluation-of-sustained-release-matrix-tablets-of-venlafaxine https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2017(II-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393448 2017-12-30 gpsr

A Deeper Insight into Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Following one Compartment Model Syeda Komal Fatima Ayesha Sabir Fahad Pervai One Compartment Model Open Model Pharmacokinetic Models Elimination Half-Life Drug Clearance Elimination Rate Constant Pharmacokinetics (PK). This article discusses the mathematical pharmacokinetic models with reference to one open compartment model in detail. Four types of models, IV, bolus, extravascular 1st and 0 order, have been studied. Mathematical approaches to predict the pharmacokinetic parameters, including elimination half-life, rate constant and drug clearance, have been included. This article focuses on the significance of one open compartment model to study the distribution and elimination of drugs in the body beforehand, to determine whether the drugs under study should proceed to clinical trials or not. Thus, the prediction of the pharmacokinetics of the drug at an earlier stage with the help of this mathematical model saves time and cost during drug and discovery and drug development. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/a-deeper-insight-into-pharmacokinetics-of-drugs-following-one-compartment-model https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2017(II-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393449 2017-12-30 gpsr

Evaluation of Prevalence of Complications of Measles Hina Shoukat Fahad Pervaiz Sobia Noreen Ayesha Khadim Maira Latif Measles Vaccine Patients Study and evaluation of the prevalence of measles and its complication in vaccinated and non- vaccinated patients. To evaluate the prevalence of complications of measles among different age groups of children in the pedriatric ward. Clinical description of a case series. Children of different age groups suffering from measles. We have observed 315 measles patients in the pediatric ward of Bahawal Victoria Hospital in Bahawalpur. They were evaluated on the basis of complications. Different complications were observed in children of different age group and gender, and the main complications were encephalitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, diarrhoea and ear infections. Children of age less than 1 year to 7 years were observed, and it was observed that conjunctivitis, pneumonia and diarrhoea were among the most common complications, while encephalitis and ear infections were rare. Patients admitted to the pedriatric ward having long term complications have a high risk of death when treated. These patients were due to malnutrition and improper vaccination coverage, and improper vaccine storage. Respiratory distress, i.e., pneumonia, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis, ear infection and encephalitis, were the most common complications. To reduce the severity of these complications, mechanical ventilation, antibiotics treatment, electrolyte balance should be instituted early in patients with measles. Humanity Publications Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/evaluation-of-prevalence-of-complications-of-measles https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2017(II-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393450 2017-12-30 gpsr

Determination of Pharmacokinetic Parameters by the Application of Noncompartmental Analysis Sidra Altaf Asma Kaleem Syeda Komal Fatima Ayesha Sabir Imran Khan Compartment Non -compartment Model AUC AUMC MRT Drug Pharmacokinetic models utilize mathematical terms to do pharmacokinetic analysis. Pharmacokinetic analysis of drug is defined as an experimental method to find drug exposure once administered or how does drug behave inside the body. Pharmacokinetic parameters determined include drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination after its administration. These two types of models are used compartment and non -compartment models. A compartment is defined as space inside the body that a drug occupies upon its administration. When there is linear kinetics, it is desirable to use a simple non-compartment model with lesser assumptions, while when a compound follows non-linear kinetic, it is preferred to use a compartment model. Noncompartment model utilizes concentration-time data to predict C max, t max, AUC and AUMC for the administered compound. AUC and AUMC can be calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Pharmacokinetic parameters can also be predicted using statistical moment theory. Humanity Publications Undergrad Student (9th semester), Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergrad Student (9th semester), Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergrad Student (9th semester), Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergrad Student (9th semester), Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/determination-of-pharmacokinetic-parameters-by-the-application-of-noncompartmental-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2017(II-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393451 2018-12-30 gpsr

Skin Burns: pathophysiology, types and Therapeutic Approaches Sobia Noreen Irsah Maqbool Saba Ijaz Burn Injury Burn Trauma Pathophysiology Recent Advancements Burn injury is considered as one of the complex traumatic events affecting multiple organs with local and systemic side effects. Burn trauma may be represented as a type of injury by heat, electricity, chemical, radiation, freezing, and friction. However, profound nerve injury may damage the muscle, bone, vascular, dermal, and epidermal tissues. Burns victims may experience many potentially fatal complications depending upon the location affected and the depth of burns, such as burn shock, electrolyte imbalance, and respiratory failure. This article reviews the pathophysiology, types, and recent advancements with a focus on the therapeutic approaches Humanity Publications Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/skin-burns-pathophysiology-types-and-therapeutic-approaches https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2018(III-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393452 2018-12-30 gpsr

Characterization and Evaluation of Capsules and Study of QC tests for Capsules Fahad Pervaiz Sana Ali Zahra Fariah Qaiser Syeda Komal Fatima Rabbia Mazhar Khan Capsule Specifications Dosage Form Hand Filling Semiautomatic Capsular Formulations Universal Tests and Specific Tests Using the capsule as a dosage form dates back to the early pharmacy days; from those days, the capsule preparation process is greatly evolved in order to meet the current needs of patients and the pharmaceutical industry. Currently, all pharmaceutical industries are making a dynamic change in the specifications of particular dosage forms such as capsules. It has become more difficult to obtain the higher valued drug product from the dosage form, along with the potential for improved delivery that can improve clinical outcomes. In addition, the capsules have played a significant role in drug development because of the hand filling or the production of semiautomatic capsular formulations, which have fewer requirements, and can be developed easily. The article will discuss different tests like Universal tests and specific tests, particularly for capsules, performed prior to the release of the batch to ensure efficacy and safety. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/characterization-and-evaluation-of-capsules-and-study-of-qc-tests-for-capsules https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2018(III-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393453 2018-12-30 gpsr

An Updated Review on Biological Half-Life & Volume of Distribution Rana Muhammad Awais Khan Umair-ul-Hassan Shafiq-ur-Rehman Nayab Tahir Half-Life Clearance Volume Distribution Binding Biological half-life and volume of distribution of the drug are the key parameters in understanding the pharmacokinetics of the drugs within the body as they affect all the pharmacokinetic processes including absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs and also associated with each other, ultimately effecting the Pharmacological action of the drug on its target site. Given study elaborates the various aspects of half-life, i.e., Alpha & beta half-lives, the contribution of Zero-order and first-order kinetics in ADME and interrelation among the volume of distribution & half-life along with the distribution & redistribution of the drug within the body. Moreover, the importance of half-life & Vd and the idea of Steady-state concentration is also discussed. Various types of physiological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, placental barrier, blood-CSF barrier, affect the distribution of drugs. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/an-updated-review-on-biological-halflife-volume-of-distribution https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2018(III-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393454 2018-12-30 gpsr

An Overview of Factors Affecting Renal Clearance Mohammad Faizan Asif Shabana Gulzar Toor Fahad Pervaiz Renal Clearance Elimination Excretion Kidneys Drugs Biological Renal clearance comprises multiple active and passive mechanisms, in turn leading to the formation of urine. In this article, a brief review of passive filtration in glomerular capillaries, active tubular secretion, and reabsorption is discussed. Factors affecting renal clearance have also been brought into the discussion, encompassing drug physicochemical properties, drug concentration, the volume of distribution, protein binding, blood flow to kidneys, biological factors, and drug interactions. Further, the necessity of dose adjustment in patients suffering renal impairment has been highlighted. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/an-overview-of-factors-affecting-renal-clearance https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2018(III-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393455 2018-12-30 gpsr

Study of In-Patient Compliance in CPEIC Hospital Regarding CVS Disorders Hina Shoukat Sobia Noreen Saeed Ajwad Bukhari Sameer Hassan Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors Prevalence Men Women To assess the knowledge of patient regarding the use of medications and to evaluate patient compliance, and the study was conducted in Chaudhary Pervaiz Elahi Institute of Cardiology, Multan, Pakistan. According to analysis, 81% of patients were from urban areas, and 19% of patients were from rural areas. 30% of them were literate, and 70% were illiterate. Most of the patients belonged to the age group of 40-50yars (71%). The majority of the affected persons were male, i.e.70%. The most commonly observed disease were IHD and hypertension, i.e.26% and 24.5%, respectively. 36% of the patients had a history of CVS disorders in their families. The influence of lifestyle was analyzed with regard to smoking, drinking and lack of physical activities. There is a need for educational strategies for the patient to recognize the significance of compliance for this disease. Also, educational intervention is required for prescriber and hospital pharmacist to improve prescribing and dispensing. Humanity Publications Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/study-of-inpatient-compliance-in-cpeic-hospital-regarding-cvs-disorders https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2018(III-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393456 2019-12-30 gpsr

Use of Fluorescent Probe for the Fast and Quantitative Detection of Chemicals in the Blood Urooj Naseem Ayesha Ayub Fatima Iqbal Farhan Sohail Fluorescence Fluorescent Probe Fluorophore Detection Limit Hydrogen Sulphide Iron Glucose Glutathione Different methods are adopted for the quantitative detection of chemicals in the blood. One of which is discussed here, i.e., the fluorescent probes that are preferred in biological systems owing to their sensitivity, high selectivity, elevated spatiotemporal resolution, and noninvasiveness. In recent years, for the identification of various chemicals, a large number of probes have been designed. For the detection as well as identification of fluorescent probes, sulfides, different chemicals such as iron, glucose, glutathione etc., in the blood are discussed. The maximum detection limits of newly synthesized fluorescent probes for different chemical analysis are studied and comparatively analyzed. Different parameters like pH, incubation time, mixing time, the detection limit of the fluorescent probes is also explored. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah international University-Lahore Campus, Lahore Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/use-of-fluorescent-probe-for-the-fast-and-quantitative-detection-of-chemicals-in-the-blood https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2019(IV-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:393457 2019-12-30 gpsr

A Review of Parenteral Administration of Testing Substance in Rabbit and Mice Muhammad Shehzeb Ashraf Iqra Rehman Gul Shahnaz Intramuscular Anesthesia Doses Administration Mice Subcutaneous Parenteral There are many publications that deal with the administration of test substances to animals and the removal of blood samples for different objectives. The parenteral route of drug administration includes further different routes, i.e., drug administration through muscles (IM route) through veins (IV route) and through subcutaneous route. We can manage to check the outcomes of test substances within minutes when we go for the IV route as in this route; the drug directly goes to the systemic circulation. Different experimental animals are utilized to check the possible outcomes of test substances that include Rabbit, mice, and rat. Various factors like dose strength, dose frequency and the meaning by which drug can be administered to an animal can be examined. The emphasis on drug safety should be the main priority while injecting drug substances. Animal ethics guidelines should be followed in this regard. AEG basically provides us with safety guidelines that should be followed for safe handling. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Final Year Students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Final Year Students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/a-review-of-parenteral-administration-of-testing-substance-in-rabbit-and-mice https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2019(IV-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Alopecia: Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Novel Treatment Strategies Sobia Noreen Fahad Pervaiz Irsah Maqbool Madiha Saleem Alopecia Hair Loss Etiology Pathogenesis Diagnostic Parameters Alopecia is an autoimmune and non-communicable disorder. The immune system, especially Tlymphocytes, present around the hair follicle attacks, cause inflammation and loss of hair from some or all areas of the scalp. It is highly prevalent in the United States; an estimated 4.5 million are affected by this disease. Finasteride and minoxidil are mostly used to treat alopecia in the form of solutions and gels. However, their use has been limited due to severe adverse effects observed during therapy. This article summarizes the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, sign and symptoms, and diagnostic parameters with a focus on novel treatment strategies. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/alopecia-review-of-epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-novel-treatment-strategies https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2019(IV-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Micro Particles: A Review of Recent Developments, Microencapsulation Method, and Therapeutic Strategies Irsah Maqbool Sobia Noreen Fahad Pervaiz Muhammad Ijaz Irshad Farooq Microparticle; Targeted Delivery Microencapsulation Method A targeted drug delivery system has a great impact on patience health minimizing the side effect and enhancing therapeutic outcomes, so modern research come towards particulate drug delivery system. Microparticle and nanoparticle are key tools for targeted sustained, delayed, and tissue-specific drug delivery. In this review article, I will discuss microparticle drug delivery system, types of microparticles how drug release from microparticulate system, Materials required for microparticulate drug delivery system, polymers used for micro particles drug delivery system, and procedures employed for the formulation of microparticulate drug delivery systems, Microencapsulation method, and treatment plan depend on Polymeric Microparticles. Humanity Publications MPhil, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/micro-particles-a-review-of-recent-developments-microencapsulation-method-and-therapeutic-strategies https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2019(IV-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Assessment of Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Osteoporosis and its Risk Factors among Female University Students in Mirpur Azad Kashmir: A Questionnaire Based Cross Sectional Study Husna Khalid Muhammad Rauf ul Hassan Iqra Aurangzeb Khan Huma Farooq Zafar Iqbal Home Economics Mirpur Azad Kashmir Osteoporosis OKAT Pharmacy To assess the knowledge and awareness of osteoporosis and its risk factors among female university students in Mirpur Azad Kashmir. A cross-sectional study was carried out in female university students in Mirpur Azad Kashmir using a self-administered questionnaire. Knowledge and awareness of osteoporosis was assessed using OKAT (Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool) and descriptive analysis by using SPSS (version 25). Pearson Chi-Square test (p < 0.05) was used to assess significance.Mean age of the participants was 22.45 + 1.279 years. Mean total score was 11.86 + 3.3. The overall score of knowledge was moderate (68.8%). There was a significantly high difference about risk factors, complications, and preventive measures of osteoporosis between the two groups (p = 0.000). Discipline and family history of disease were significantly associated with overall knowledge score. This study concluded that overall knowledge of osteoporosis among female students was moderate. A well-structured education programs must be added to curriculum to prevent osteoporosis in later stages. Humanity Publications MPhil Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pulmonology, Quaid-i-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Pharmacist, Akson College of Pharmacy, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Pharmacist, Akson College of Pharmacy, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Director, Drug Testing Laboritiries, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/assessment-of-knowledge-and-awareness-regarding-osteoporosis-and-its-risk-factors-among-female-university-students-in-mirpur-azad-kashmir-a-questionnaire-based-cross-sectional-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2020(V-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Evaluation of the knowledge of Health Care Professionals regarding Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Public Hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan Anam Arshad Malik Irfan Zulfiqar Zahra Hassan Kiani Maria Hassan Kiani Muhammad Rauf ul Hassan Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Drug Concentration Health Care System Therapeutic Index A cross sectional study was performed among 250 health care professionals from Children Hospital, Jinnah hospital and Services Institute of Medical science Lahore, through a self-designed questionnaire to assess the knowledge of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). A total 300 questionnaires were distributed and 250 were returned, giving a response 83%. Out of 300 health care professionals 50 participants do not even know the term TDM. Only 40% participants strongly agreed that TDM is done for all patients. Only 26.8% participants agreed that TDM is carried out for all drugs. Only 63.2% participants agreed that the TDM is very costly process. Only 38.4% strongly agreed that TDM requires extra time of health care professionals and only 36% participants remain neutral to the perception that TDM is requested by patient rather than health care professionals. Limited resources and lack of technical skills are barriers in performing TDM in under-developed country like Pakistan. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. BS Biotechnology Scholar, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MBBS Candidate, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pulmonology, Quaid-i-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/evaluation-of-the-knowledge-of-health-care-professionals-regarding-therapeutic-drug-monitoring-in-public-hospitals-of-lahore-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2020(V-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Evaluation of Prescribing Pattern in Mirpur Azad Kashmir using who Prescribing Indicators Aimen Qaiser Zahra Hassan Kiani Farina Abid Tania Pervaiz Zafar Iqbal Polypharmacy Prescribing Indicator Prescription Rational Prescribing Rational use of Drugs Mirpur Promotion of rational use of drugs in developing countries is necessary for improving the quality of life. Therefore, evaluation of drug use pattern using World Health Organization (WHO) indicators is necessary for assessment of rational use of drugs. 200 prescriptions were randomly collected from different pharmacies in Mirpur and evaluated to measure prescribing indicators. Data was analyzed using SPSS (version 25). Average count of drugs prescribed per prescription was 3.8 (S.D+ 2.01). Percentage of antibiotics prescribed, and injections prescribed per prescription was 42% (n=84) and 16% (n=32) respectively. The percentage of drugs prescribed from Essential Drugs List was 90.5%. It was concluded that prescribing pattern was far away from the standard WHO requirements. Greater number of drugs and overuse of antibiotics focused on close monitoring and regulation of prescribing pattern. Steps should be taken to encourage the rational use of drugs to improve the quality of life. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MBBS Candidate, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Pharmacist, Akson College of Pharmacy, Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Pharmacist, Akson College of Pharmacy, Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Director, Drug Testing Laboratories, Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/evaluation-of-prescribing-pattern-in-mirpur-azad-kashmir-using-who-prescribing-indicators https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2020(V-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Nanotechnology: A New Hope for the Cure of Osteoarthritis, Osteoporosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Fariah Qaiser Muhammad Ibrahim Rabia Mazhar Farhan Sohail Bone Repair Nanoparticle Nanotechnology Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Rheumatoid Arthritis Tissue Engineering Bone and cartilage diseases especially osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are rapidly prevailing both in men and women particularly due to increase in life expectancies. Different treatments are being proposed using conventional drugs and their modifications. But the side effects associated with such drugs and difficulty in treatment strategies due to multifactorial nature of such diseases and difficulty in drug delivery led the researchers towards the development of more advanced technologies for the treatment purpose. Nanotechnology is a promising strategy for treating such diseases that suppresses the progression of such diseases providing causal treatment. In this review, we will summarize the recent nano-based targeted and non-targeted delivery systems using various types of nanoparticles, nanogels, nanocomplexes, nanocarriers, hydrogels etc. for the efficient delivery of drugs and other therapeutic agents like mRNA, genes, insulin-growth factors etc. Moreover, role of nanoparticles for bone and cartilage repair in tissue engineering will also be discussed. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/nanotechnology-a-new-hope-for-the-cure-of-osteoarthritis-osteoporosis-and-rheumatoid-arthritis https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2020(V-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Hydrogels as Controlled Drug Delivery System: A Brief Review of Properties Classification and Synthesis Hina Shoukat Sobia Noreen Saima Asghar Novel Drug Delievry System Polymeric Network Cross Linked Network Hyrogels are cariers of novel drug delievry system and these polymeric network have ability to hold large amount of water but they do not dissolve in water .These polymeric network may be crosslinked either through chemical or physical crosslinking method. Without changing their three dimensional structure hydrogels undergo the swelling mechanism Hydrogels are used as drug delivery carriers because of their distinctive properties. They have three dimensional configurations and have water soluble cross linked network of polymers .Hydrogels have porous structure and by changing the cross linker concentration we can modify their affinity for water. Because of their unique properties these are used for various medical purposes like cellular immobilization , tissue engineering ,diagnostics and regenerative medicines. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/hydrogels-as-controlled-drug-delivery-system-a-brief-review-of-properties-classification-and-synthesis https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2020(V-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Advanced Nanomorphologies in Nanomedicines: A Short Review Parsa Gul Tanveer Ahmad Khan Maryam Anwar Nanomedicine Pharmacokinetic Toxicity The emergence of nanotechnology in the field of medicines gives the idea of revolution and farreaching supremacy to conventional and traditional practices of diagnosis and medication. Nanomedicine is poised to transfigure and reform the existing medical procedures, with its much safer profile, accessibility being the modest and economical. Nanomedicines with its intriguing properties has exceptionally improved the drug delivery systems. A diversity of innovations in every medical specialty attribute to the potent impact of nano range applications in medicine field. Nanoparticles are generally accepted in the size range of 1-100 nm although nano morphologies above this range are also widely studied in biomedical field. Nanomedicine will face many challenges in future by regulatory agencies and public and is lacking essential data about pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profiles and toxicity of nanoparticles yet is seems that this advanced technology will be proved more promising, novel and revolutionary to the antecedent medical procedures. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/advanced-nanomorphologies-in-nanomedicines-a-short-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2021(VI-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Self-Medication Among MBBS and Pharm-D Students in Mirpur District, AJK Adnan Anjum Muhammad Abdul Islam Zafar Iqbal Self-Medication Knowledge Attitude Practice Self-medication is a common practice among medical and pharmacy students, and it can compromise public trust in this profession. This cross-sectional study determined the self-medication practices among PHARM-D and MBBS students in Mirpur, AJK, through a self-designed questionnaire. The study was performed on a sample of 200 students (mean age =23.60 ±1.30 years), 55% (110) were males and 45% (90) were females, out of the 100 were medical students and 100 were pharmacy students. The self-medication prevalence was as high as 75%. Knowledge of MBBS students regarding self-medication was better than PHARM-D students. The common source of advice was textbooks in 56% MBBS and 55% PHARM-D students. The major cause of self-medication was a previous experience, and the most common indications were pain and fever. Therefore, self-medication prevalence was high among students, and potentially harmful drugs sale should be restricted and monitored. Humanity Publications Akson College of Pharmacy, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Drug Testing Laboratory, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Drug Testing Laboratory, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/assessment-of-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-regarding-selfmedication-among-mbbs-and-pharmd-students-in-mirpur-district-ajk https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2021(VI-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Updated Review of Novel Nanogels as Versatile Nano-Platforms for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications Sobia Noreen Fahad Pervaiz Hina Shoukat Saba Ijaz Nanotechnology Nanogels Macromolecular Network Cross-Linked Nanogels have been materialized in recent years as a suitable vehicle for the transport and delivery of drug cargo to patients and have been developed as a part of nanomedicines. Nanotechnology drug delivery system has been emerged to fashion their defined field in this interface. By description, nanogels are 3D sub-micron sized cross-linked polymer systems. Nanogels are made of hydrogel particulate constituents with a size range of nanometers; hence, it possesses both hydrogels and nanoparticles properties. Nanogels have some exceptional properties making them an idea delivery system in various fields including diagnosis, chemotherapeutics, and delivery of genes and targeting specific organs. These ideal properties are stability, better permeation and drug loading ability, responsiveness to environmental stimuli and biologic consistency. This review emphasis chiefly on various types of nanogels, preparation strategies as well as drug loading methods, degradation mechanisms, and drug release mechanisms of drug from nanogels. In this article, we look at these innovative drug delivery systems in more detail with latest pharmaceutical and biological applications of nanogels. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/an-updated-review-of-novel-nanogels-as-versatile-nanoplatforms-for-biomedical-and-pharmaceutical-applications https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2021(VI-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Is Essential Oils Considers New Paradigm's Shift as Treatment Goal for Covid-19: Review Based Approach Study Sidra Ashraf Maria Hassan Kiani Hadiqa Nazish Gul Shahnaz Essential Oil Constituents SARS-CoV-2 Aromatic Plants Essential Oil Veridical Activity The Essential oils considered as promising veridical activity against various pathogenic viruses. Byanalyses we found out that essential oil constituent having any counter effect or interact with specific proteins present in COVID-19. The method to determine give in literature view by using databases resources such as, Semantic scholar, Google scholar, Science direct and PubMed. Result: In literature survey it is found out thataromatic plants containing essential oils having veridical activity against various viruses which include Herpes virus-2. Enterovirus 71, HIV, Adeno virus. From literature reviews its reveal that aromatic plant and essential oil having high antiviral activity for many viruses. It is found that some essential oils having some isolated compound which have inhibitory effect on COVID 19. According to analysis done by, its found out that 171 constituent of essential oil influencing SARS-COV-2 proteins and found potential inhibitor of viruses. Humanity Publications Ph.D Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Is Ph.D Candidate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Ph.D Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/is-essential-oils-considers-new-paradigms-shift-as-treatment-goal-for-covid19-review-based-approach-study- https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2021(VI-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Emerging Trend of Thiolated Polymers/materials and nanomedicine in wound healing Rabia Arshad Khan Salman Arshad Hamdard Haleema Sadia Abbas Ali Naseem Wounds Thiolated Polymers Microbes Healing Cascade Nanoparticles Drug Resistance Antimicrobial therapy failure against wound infections and arise of extended resistance highly encourages the discovery of novel mechanisms to overcome underlying issues. Major causative agent for causing wound infection is "Staphylococcus aureus" and recent medications lack antibacterial action,mucoadhesion and patient compliance. Thiolation proves itself as a novel technique for treatment of wound infections via topical application. Thiomers possesses features such as higher porosity, bio degradation, and swelling index. Thiolated products are resistant to the harsh environmental changes. Similarly, with the advancements in drug delivery, various smart drug delivery techniques lead to enhancement in drug delivery. Nano particles allow the drugs to penetrate the cells by diffusion or energy dependent process and degrade themselves at specified siteof action by either attachment of recognition ligands or responsive stimuli. Overall, the Thiolated polymers and Nano medicines depicted potential to cure wounds with increased severity meeting the required features of an ideal wound dressing. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Department of Earth Sciences, Quaid i Azam University,45320, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/emerging-trend-of-thiolated-polymersmaterials-and-nanomedicine-in-wound-healing https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2021(VI-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Responding to the Hitch in Fighting Candida Albicans Through Nanomedicine Salman Arshad Rabia Arshad Khan Haleema Sadia Nanomedicine Candida Albicans Antifungal Therapy Long-term Treatment Drug Resistance Candida albicans, as an opportunistic pathogen has been closely associated with both mucosal and deep tissue life-threatening infections in patients being immuno compromised or hospitalized for some grave underlying ailment. Antifungal therapy so far has not been much successful to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with candidiasis. Furthermore the complete eradication of fungal infection requires long-term treatment that may continue for a month, making patients more vulnerable to adverse effects. The emergence of Candida albicans resistant strains against commonly prescribed antifungals is also a major area of concern demandingimmediate consideration. Researchers are continuously investigating newer approaches to counter the deficiencies in conventional treatment strategies. One of these approaches involves the use of nanotechnology to overcome challenges associated with anti fungal therapy. This review focuses on various means that have been employed to effectively counter puzzles supplementary to Candida albicans by use of nano medicines. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/responding-to-the-hitch-in-fighting-candida-albicans-through-nanomedicine https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2021(VI-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology: Nanomaterial Based Implants Najam ul Hassan Maria Naz Bakhtiari Dur E Nayab Anam Arshad Gul Shahnaz Nanomaterials Implants Nano Scaling Implants are sterile and small cylinders of active drug utilized for slow absorption and prolong action should be administered below skin, muscle or tissue. Implants are based on the principle that many drugs and hormones are insoluble in aqueous solvents which enables them to provide slower dissolution for required therapeutic effects. Implants should be biocompatible with tissues of the human body. Its surface properties should be compliant depending on surface tension and roughness. Materials treated by multiple techniques for the nanoscale modified surface. These techniques include physical, chemical and mechanical modifications. Materials are selected on the basis of inertness, tolerance and activity in the body. Metals, ceramics, carbon materials and polymers are utilized for this. Carbon nanotubes, graphene, hydroxyapatite, zirconia, titanium alloys, silver, silica and polymers are used as implants. Applications of nanotechnology in implants are discussed. Humanity Publications M.phil Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. M.phil, Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. M.phil, Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Pharm-D, Department of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/pharmaceutical-nanotechnology-nanomaterial-based-implants https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2019(IV-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, and Biotechnology: An Integrated Framework for Next-Generation Pharmaceutical Innovation and Global Health Surveillance Forhad Hossain Muhammad Mazharul Anwar Artificial Intelligence Big Data Analytics Biotechnology Drug Discovery Wearable Health Devices Antimicrobial Resistance Global Health Surveillance The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, wearable health devices, and biotechnology is driving a transformative change in pharmaceutical innovation and global health. This article consolidates four fundamental research areas encompassing AI-based drug discovery, real-time cardiovascular disease monitoring via wearables, big data frameworks for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance, and biotechnology-driven strategy models for global competitiveness. These papers collectively illustrate how generative algorithms, predictive analytics, and biotechnology frameworks can expedite medication development, enhance preventative healthcare, and fortify global health security. This article, supported by over 30 scientific papers, presents an integrated conceptual framework that combines computational intelligence, biomedical data streams, and biotechnology market strategies into a unified model for next-generation pharmaceutical innovation. The results underscore the necessity for interdisciplinary collaboration, ethical governance, and strategic policymaking to convert technical advancements into sustainable global health solutions. Humanity Publications Graduate Student, Department of Statistics and Data Science, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh. Graduate Student, Department of Statistics and Data Science, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/artificial-intelligence-big-data-and-biotechnology-an-integrated-framework-for-nextgeneration-pharmaceutical-innovation-and-global-health-surveillance https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2020(V-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Intelligent Biomedicine: AI-Driven Innovation for Precision and Predictive Healthcare Mashrur Nihat Artificial Intelligence Big Data Analytics Precision Medicine Predictive Healthcare Biomedical Innovation &amp; Drug Discovery This paper presents a literature synthesis of world-class AI innovation, big-data innovation, and biotech innovation efforts that seek to enhance AI-assisted predictions for personal or precision biomedicines. This paper uses a technique for a qualitative-quantitative literature synthesis for developing a so-called AI bio-Innovation (AIBI), which proposes a literature synthesis of state-of-the-art works on AI innovation for predicting chronic diseases and AI applications for antibiotic resistances, while incorporating big-data models for innovations. This paper asserts that AI applications would provoke a minimum of 40% improvement for AI-related applications to enhance AI-assisted drug innovation development. This paper asserts that AI can aid predictions with a precision accuracy of 93% for predictions of heart-related diseases; a minimum of 25% improvement of AI-related innovations for antibiotic resistances; and presents AI as a scientific catalyst for healthcare sustainability that continues to advance with AI-assisted precision medicines. Humanity Publications School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/intelligent-biomedicine-aidriven-innovation-for-precision-and-predictive-healthcare https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2021(VI-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Secure and Explainable AI for Precision Medicine: Big Data Integration of Genomics, Wearable Systems, and Predictive Health Outcomes Habibullah Faisal Tisha Farhana Precision Medicine Artificial Intelligence Big Data Analytics Multi-omics Integration Wearable Health Systems Predictive Modeling Federated Learning The quick process of digitization of the healthcare system and high-dimensional biomedical data reveal constraints in the context of traditional population-based decision-making. The similar gaps are tackled by accuracy medicine which incorporates every biological, clinical, and behavioral information at the individual level. It is possible through artificial intelligence and big data analytics to conduct multi-omics data, electronic health records, medical imaging, and wearable sensor analyses on a scalable basis. This paper is a data-driven and systematic review of big data analytics based on AI in the field of precision medicine, with a focus on predictive, preventive, and personalized care. Results demonstrate that combined AI systems are more efficient than independent approaches in disease stratification, real time-based, and clinical decision support, and determine problems of scalability, interpretability, privacy, and ethical control. Humanity Publications Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Johor Darul Ta'zim, Malaysia. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/secure-and-explainable-ai-for-precision-medicine-big-data-integration-of-genomics-wearable-systems-and-predictive-health-outcomes https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2021(VI-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Malarial Infection on Hematological Parameters in Patients at Tertiary Care Hospitals in D.I. Khan Sajad Ahmad Muhammad Amir Muhammad Shahbaz Sarwat Nazir Sabeen Islam DI Khan Hematological Profile Malaria Patients Malaria is among the leading parasitic infections in world causing major health problems. Plasmodium, being a blood parasite, causes changes in blood parameters. This study was aimed at identifying the Plasmodium specie and measuring the changes that occurred in hematological parameters, in malaria patients. The sample size consisted of 109 individuals divided into two (Infected and Control) groups: 71 malaria-positive and 38 malaria-negative individuals. The diagnosis was based on staining and direct visualization of the parasite under a microscope. Blood CP was performed on the "Sysmex XP 300 analyzer". Non-normally distributed continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. An association between malaria and thrombocytopenia and anemia was noted but severe cases were not observed. Female patients were more Anaemic and the reduction in leukocyte count was also observed among malaria patients. Malaria causes changes in hematological parameters with thrombocytopenia during malarial infection. However, anemia was observed in female patients. Humanity Publications Regional Blood Center, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. House Officer, General Surgery, Dr Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital (ANTH), Islamabad, Pakistan. House Officer, General Medicine PIMS, Islamabad, Pakistan. Registered Pharmacist, Senior Lecturer, School of Pharmacy, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. House Officer, General Medicine PIMS, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/impact-of-malarial-infection-on-hematological-parameters-in-patients-at-tertiary-care-hospitals-in-di-khan https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2022(VII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Therapeutic Potential Drug of Dry Leaves of Eugenia Jambolana against Hypertension Maheen Sara Nurmeen Khokhar Amman Khokhar Hypertension Eugenia Jambolana Leaves Powder Drug Lipid Profile and Electrolyte Imbalance Diet plays a significant role on human health. A good diet is directly proportionally to good health. The fruits contain bioactive components and photochemical that has potential effects. So this study was designed to check the effects of Eugenia jambolana leaves powder on hypertension in rats. Twenty rats were divided into three groups including the control group and Eugenia jambolana leaves powder was provided for 30 days at a concentration of 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 g/kg/day. After a specific period physical and biochemical assessments (lipid profile, HDL, LDL and total cholesterol, triglycerides and electrolyte imbalance) were performed. Among all groups G3 showed a significant result as systolic blood pressure decreased to 110 from 150 (mmHg). Diastolic blood pressure reduced to 60 from 95 (mmHg). LDL reduced to 96 from 140.0 (mg/dl) and cholesterol reduced 177 from 246 (mg/dl). Among all groups, G3 expressed a significant result than the control group and other groups. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Government College Women's University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Post RN BSc Nursing. Bachelor in Botany. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/therapeutic-potential-drug-of-dry-leaves-of-eugenia-jambolana-against-hypertension https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2022(VII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Compassion Satisfaction, Burn Out and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Medical Professionals Khadijatul Ain Sandeela Noman Ahmed Mehwish Manzoor Inam Ullah Compassion satisfaction burnt out stress medical To determine compassion satisfaction among medical professionals. This study took 6 months to complete carried out at Isra University Karachi Campus. A total of 200 medical professionals were recruited for this study. The non-Convenient Sampling approach was adopted. Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue (ProQOL v5) were used for data collection. And data was analyzed through SPSS v 21. The mean age of the medical professionals who participated in this study was 29.99±7.89 and the working experience of 4.77±5.89 years. The majority of the were Physical therapist about 65%. A higher frequency of Average compassion satisfaction, burn out and secondary traumatic stress was observed which showed statistically non-significantly association with the area of practice of the medical professional at p-value 0.260 0.158, 0.170 respectively. Most medical professionals are encircled in average compassion satisfaction which showed a non-significant association with the area of practice. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Isra Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, Isra University Karachi Campus, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Isra institute of rehabilitation sciences, Isra University, Karachi Campus ,Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Centre for Physical Education, Health & Sports Science Department, University of Sindh, Jamsoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Physical Education, Balochistan Residential College, Zhob, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/compassion-satisfaction-burn-out-and-secondary-traumatic-stress-among-medical-professionals https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2022(VII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Attitude of Physical Therapy Students Towards Fat People Zulaikha Karim Noman Ahmed Muhammad Aslam Weight Management Practice Health Fat Patient Weight management is becoming more widely recognized as a part of physiotherapists' scope of practice in order to enhance patient outcomes by reducing joint load or alleviating chronic pain, for example. Interactions with patients about weight, on the other hand, might lead to a patient's perception of a negative judgment from health professionals, which can lead to poorer health outcomes. The current study aimed to evaluate the attitude of physical therapy students towards fat people. A cross-sectional study design was used, 377 questionnaires were filled out by undergraduate DPT students from different universities in Karachi. The sample size was 377.According to the data majority of the participants had a positive attitude towards fat people while a few participants had weight-based stereotypes. This impression should be recognized by physical therapy students since it may lead to lower patient outcomes and avoidance of physiotherapy consultations. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Health and Physical Education/Principal, Government College of Physical Education, Quetta, Balochistan. Assistant Professor, Isra Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, Isra University, Karachi, Sindh. Lecturer, Department of Health and Physical Education, Government College of Physical Education, Quetta, Balochistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/attitude-of-physical-therapy-students-towards-fat-people https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2022(VII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Sustained Release Pilocarpine Ocuserts Using Modified Karaya Gum Extracted from Sterculia urens Sajida Shareef Muhammad Imran Khan Muhammad Farhan Sohail Muhammad Furqan Akhtar Athar Masood Sufyan Junaid Usmani Ocuserts sodium alginate crosslinking solvent casting diffusion Ocular inserts of Pilocarpine nitrate (PN) were prepared using modified karaya gum (MKG) alone as release retarding polymer and in combination with the copolymer sodium alginate. Modification of the karaya gum was done by treating it with the trisodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) by cross linking method and evaluated for its physicochemical properties. Films of the MKG were prepared by employing solvent casting method using varying concentrations (600mg, 500mg and 400mg) of MKG and the sandwiching technique was used for the loading of drug. Sodium alginate (SA) and PN blend were prepared by triturating their appropriate amounts. Six ocusert formulations (F1-F6) were prepared with different concentrations of the polymer i.e MKG and SA while the amount of PN was kept constant in formulations. Formulations F1-F3 contained the MKG alone in varying concentrations (600mg, 500mg and 400mg) and F4-F6 contained SA (0.5 mg) in addition to MKG. The surface pH of prepared ocuserts from the formulations (F1-F6) was in the range of 6.63 to 6.8. Thickness range of the ocuserts was from 0.21 to 0.32 mm. Dissolution profiles of prepared ocuserts were studied and drug release was found within the range of 69.2± 1.36 % (F4, minimum) to 90.5± 3.21% (F3, maximum). Overall results of the study concluded that ocuserts fabricated with MKG and SA at optimized concentrations have the potential to sustain the release of PN and therefore reducing dosing frequency and adverse effects. Humanity Publications Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, 54000, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, 54000, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, 54000, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, 54000, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, 54000, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, 54000, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/formulation-and-invitro-evaluation-of-sustained-release-pilocarpine-ocuserts-using-modified-karaya-gum-extracted-from-sterculia-urens https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2022(VII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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AI-Driven Bio Innovation for Global Health Security: A Sustainable Precision Medicine Framework Integrating Big Data, Wearables, and Predictive Intelligence Tisha Farhana Habibullah Faisal AI-Driven BioInnovation for Global Health: Integrating Big Data Analytics Wearable Intelligence and Predictive Modeling Toward Sustainable Precision Medicine Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping biomedical research and healthcare by making it possible to predict analytics and reasonable decision support, as well as personalized treatment. The development of big data, wearable sensors, and multi-omics models is transforming medicine away based on retrospective diagnosis and moved into predictive risk management. Nonetheless, the existing AI tools are yet to be integrated across data and clinical silos. The paper is a synthesis of interdisciplinary AI advances and suggests an AI-Bio Innovation Framework (AIBF). The structure combines wearable intelligence, clinical and genomic data, deep and generative learning, federated privacy preserving and sustainable computing. Compared to the benchmark diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic efficiency, and time-to-insight improvements show brisk improvements that believe in scalable precision medicine in line with the world sustainability targets. Humanity Publications Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Johor Darul Ta'zim, Malaysia. Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/aidriven-bio-innovation-for-global-health-security-a-sustainable-precision-medicine-framework-integrating-big-data-wearables-and-predictive-intelligence https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2022(VII-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Prevalence and Associated Factors Related to Computer Vision Syndrome among Bank Employees in Peshawar Hamza Munir Ahmad Ali Farooq Khan Ulfat Sultana Sidra Humayun Farzand Iqbal Prevalence Computer Vision Syndrome Ophthalmology Bank Employees Computers are vital, but in banking, they are essential. Long-term computer screen exposure harms the eyes. This study examined CVS prevalence and associated variables in Peshawar City Bank employees. This descriptive-analytical investigation was done across Peshawar city. Commuter bankers were the study population. This multistage study attracted 289 people. A complete tailored questionnaire using SPSS version 24 analyses collected data. Time exposure and CVS were examined. The chi-square test determined significance. A sample of 289 bank workers (mean age 32.72 ± 7.02 years) included 266 (92.0%) men and 23 (8.0%) women. 24.2% of employees had yes illnesses and 77.2% had CVS. Most of them had simple eye health issues due to computer screen overexposure. These symptoms included eye strain, pain, headache (68.9%), blurriness (67.5%), dryness (49.1%), blinking (46.7%), redness and irritations (44.3%). The prevalence of diagnosed eye diseases was high at 24.2% while CVS was positive in 77.2% for at least one symptom. Humanity Publications Lecture, Department of Community Medicine, Mohammad College of Medicine, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Medical Officer, DHQ Hospital Lakki Marwat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Professor of Anatomy, Mohammad College of Medicine, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor Pharmacology, Muhammad College of Medicine, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor Pathology, Muhammad College of Medicine, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor Forensic Medicine, Muhammad College of Medicine, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/prevalence-and-associated-factors-related-to-computer-vision-syndrome-among-bank-employees-in-peshawar https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Evaluation of Pan and Targeted Retinal Photocoagulation for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Muhammad Junaid Sethi Umer Khan Natasha Junaid Nazli Gul Ishan Ullah Muhammad Israr Pan Retinal Photocoagulation Targeted Retinal Photocoagulation Intraocular Pressure Retinal Detachment This study evaluates the efficacy of pan retinal and targeted retinal photocoagulation (PRP and TRP) for the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). A retrospective review of medical records was conducted of patients with PDR who had undergone PRP or TRP as primary treatment at a tertiary care center. Outcome measures included visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and retinal appearance. Results showed that PRP and TRP were both effective in reducing intraocular pressure and improving visual acuity, with no significant difference between the two. However, PRP was associated with a higher rate of retinal detachment and greater risk of recurrence of PDR. Based on the results, PRP and TRP are both effective treatments for PDR, but PRP may be associated with increased risk of complications. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Teaching Institution, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Teaching Institution, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Community Medicine, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department Of Ophthalmology, Khyber Teaching Hospital/Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Consultant Ophthalmologist, District Headquarter, Hospital, Timergara, KP, Pakistan. Consultant Ophthalmologist, District Headquarter, Hospital, Timergara, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/an-evaluation-of-pan-and-targeted-retinal-photocoagulation-for-proliferative-diabetic-retinopathy https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Evaluation of Quality-of-Life Assessment among Post Covid- 19 Survivors with Co-Morbidities & Impact Upon their Physical and Mental Health Farhat R. Malik Hira Javed Iqbal Hira Sumbal Fatima Shahid Zubaida Ali Aimen Mir COVID-19 Persistent Symptoms Health-Related Quality of Life Health Disparities Disabilities Mental Health To assess the quality of life of Covid- 19 survivors with co-morbidities, association with gender and impact on their physical, and mental health, pain, self-care, and social activities. An online descriptive study was carried out in Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa from 12th January- 2021 to 12th March- 2021, with a 377 sample size from Raosoft online calculator. All COVID-19-recovered individuals with co-morbidities, a negative PCR, aged 18 and above, literate, residents of Peshawar and having smartphone/laptop/ internet access were included while the ones having no consent, hospitalized and severe patients were excluded from the study. Descriptive statistics with frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation however, inferential statistics were calculated for associations through Chi-square and paired t-tests with a significant p-value set at 0.05. The survey response rate was 51.4 % (n=193) out of 377. The participants had a mean age of 35 years (SD= 10.207, range= 16- 70 years). The highest responses were received from 22 years of age (26.3 %). The EQ5D mean score was 1.227 (SD= 1.89). The most frequently reported problem was anxiety/depression (54.8%) followed by pain/discomfort (46.8%), problems with usual activities (39.6%), mobility (26.7%) and self-care (15.1%). EQ5D showed a strong association with chronic diseases and significant p values for mobility, usual activities, and pain/discomfort (0.000) with 0.003 for anxiety/depression. COVID-19 survivors were associated with a substantial measurable decrease in their quality of life. Humanity Publications Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, (Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road, Peshawar), Pakistan. Undergraduate Student- 4th Year MBBS, Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road, Peshawar, (Affiliated with Riphah International University, Islamabad), Pakistan. Undergraduate 4th Year MBBS Student, Riphah International University, Islamabad, (Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road, Peshawar), Pakistan. Undergraduate 4th Year MBBS Student, Riphah International University, Islamabad, (Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road, Peshawar), Pakistan. Undergraduate 4th Year MBBS Student, Riphah International University, Islamabad, (Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road, Peshawar), Pakistan. Undergraduate 4th Year MBBS Student, Riphah International University, Islamabad, (Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road, Peshawar), Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/an-evaluation-of-qualityoflife-assessment-among-post-covid-19-survivors-with-comorbidities-impact-upon-their-physical-and-mental-health https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Examination and Treatment of Malaria in Children Hospitalized to District Hospitals in Pakistan Amir Mohammed Muhammad Qasim Khan Kiramatullah Haji Gul Afridi Sijad-Ur-Rehman Malaria Pakistan Prevalence Symptoms To assess the prevalence and treatment of malaria in children hospitalized in district hospitals in Pakistan. This study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics MMC hospital Mardan from Jan 2019 to Jan 2020. Data was collected from 100 patients aged 7 to 14 years who were admitted in district hospitals. All patients had their blood samples checked for malarial parasites and a detailed history was taken. The results were then analyzed by SPSS. The study showed that the prevalence of malaria was 10%, with fever being the most common symptom reported. The most commonly prescribed drugs were quinine, chloroquine, artesunate, and mefloquine. This study demonstrated that malaria is a public health issue in Pakistan and that prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential for successful control of the disease. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics LRH Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics BKMC/MMC Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Paediatrics BKMC/MMC Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Paeds GJkMC Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics BKMC Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/examination-and-treatment-of-malaria-in-children-hospitalized-to-district-hospitals-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Frequency Of Unnecessary Caesarean Section In Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital Noor Azra Noor Fatima Atia Gull Erum Akber Cesarean Frequency Gynecology Hazards Unnecessary The unnecessary caesarean section is common now a day. It is done due to many reasons with absolute indication, relative indication and no indication. It is possible to predict that the Sustainable Development Goals may be hampered by the overuse, unsafe provision, and unmet need of CS. All health systems must ensure that all women have timely access to caesarean sections when necessary because they are absolutely necessary to save lives in cases where vaginal deliveries would be dangerous. The study's design was cross-sectional descriptive. From October 2020 until January 2021, it was carried out. In all, 376 questionnaires were completed using secondary data from patient records in the gynecology record room of the Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital (TCTH) Lahore. The research is based on data on the most recent birth of ever-married women between the ages of 15 and 45 who have since given birth. study findings have revealed the absolute indications, relative indications and no indication. 48.2% women had absolute indications of cesarean section, 23.3% had relative indication and 28.4% cesarean section done without indications. Moreover, it also shed light on the pros and cons of unnecessary cesarean. Humanity Publications Charge Nurse, Shaikha Fatima Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Charge Nurse, Shaikha Fatima Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Charge Nurse, Shaikha Fatima Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Charge Nurse, Shaikha Fatima Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/frequency-of-unnecessary-caesarean-section-in-tertiary-care-teaching-hospital https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Impact of Sleep Quality on Cognitive Performance in Parkinson's Disease: A Multi-center study Bakth Jamal Zahid Khan Akram Ullah Main Iftikhar Ul Haq Muhammad Shoaib Viqar Aslam Parkinson's Sleep Cognitive Performance Pakistan Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) This study looked at the effects of sleep quality on cognitive function in 100 Parkinson's patients from Pakistan. 100 Parkinson's patients from Pakistan, aged 18 and older, participated in this cross-sectional study from January 2022 to January 2023 at the Neurosurgery Department of the Naseerullah Khan Babar Memorial Hospital in Peshawar. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate the participants in comparison to controls. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to measure cognitive ability. The findings showed that lower cognitive performance ratings were substantially correlated with poor sleep quality. Furthermore, elderly Parkinson's patients showed a more obvious impact of poor sleep quality. The results of this study demonstrated the significance of higher sleep quality for cognitive function in Parkinson's patients, especially in those 65 years of age and older. In order to enhance cognitive function and maintain quality of life, recommendations were made to improve sleep quality in Parkinson's patients. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Neurosurgery, Naseerullah Khan Babar Memorial Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Neurosurgery, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Neurosurgery, Prime Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Neurosurgery, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Consultant, Neurosurgery, Mercy Teaching Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, General Surgery, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-sleep-quality-on-cognitive-performance-in-parkinsons-disease-a-multicenter-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Cross-sectional Study Investigating the Impact of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on the Quality of Life of Rural Residents Muhammad Umer Anila Basit Salma Zeb Shumaila Javaid Sher Ali Khan Zafar Mehmood COPD Asthma Rural Areas Quality-of-Life The goal of this study was to assess how the quality of life of rural Charsadda and surrounding areas people are impacted by asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Data were gathered for this cross-sectional research, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze it. The data analysis revealed that the (Quality-of-Life) of 200 study participants was lower than that of the general population. Most asthma and COPD sufferers struggled to regulate their symptoms because they had limited healthcare access and a limited budget.These patients' average (Quality-of-Life) scores were (74.03) (SD = 16.3) and 73.3 (SD = 16.7), respectively, both lower than those of the general population. To properly treat COPD and asthma, rural Charsadda and its neighbouring regions need greater access to healthcare. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Pulmonology, Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Pulmonology, Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Medicine, Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Postgraduate Resident, Pulmonology, Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Pulmonology, Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Neurology, Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/a-crosssectional-study-investigating-the-impact-of-asthma-and-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-on-the-quality-of-life-of-rural-residents https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Assessing Infection Patterns, Resistant Pathogens and Targeted Bacterial Mechanisms: A Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Five Countries Ayesha Saba Shafi Noor Fatima Muhammad Zahid Ali Shah Zeb Irum Basheer Antimicrobial Resistance Comparative Analysis Bacterial Infections Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms of MDR ESBL Antimicrobial resistance in five countries including USA, India, China, UK, and Pakistan. The analysis reveals high and very high levels of AMR in these countries, with respiratory, urinary tract, bloodstream, and surgical site infections being the most common. The identified resistant pathogens include E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacteriaceae. Carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins are commonly used antibiotics, but resistance mechanisms such as enzyme production and altered target sites contribute to the problem. The estimated annual costs associated with AMR are substantial, with the USA spending $35 billion, India $2.5 billion, China $12 billion, UK £1.2 billion, and Pakistan PKR 361.9 million. Various reporting agencies, including the CDC, WHO, and national health organizations, monitor and report on AMR. The abstract also highlights resistance mechanisms such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multi-drug resistance (MDR), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), along with their respective costs. Our findings underscore the urgent need for global collaboration to address AMR effectively. Strategies must be improved surveillance systems, liable antibiotic use, and the development of new antimicrobial agents are decisive to combat the growing threat of AMR and preserve the effectiveness of existing antibiotics. Humanity Publications Department of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Key Laboratory of Saline–alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Microbiology, Yahya Welfare Complex Hospital, Haripur, KP, Pakistan. Department of Microbiology and Infection Prevention and Control, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/assessing-infection-patterns-resistant-pathogens-and-targeted-bacterial-mechanisms-a-comparative-analysis-of-antimicrobial-resistance-in-five-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Pregnancy-Related Thyroid Dysfunction And Its Effects A Single-Center Study Muhammad Hussain Afridi Tahir Ghaffar Itizaz Hayat Mohammad Khalid Khan Wiqas Ahmad Pregnancy-Related Thyroid Dysfunction TSH FT3 FT4 Ultrasonography This research aimed to evaluate the consequences of pregnancy-related thyroid dysfunction on 100 participants. All patients had their thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT3), and free triiodothyronine (FT4) measured before, during, and after pregnancy. Thyroid hormones and neck ultrasounds were also performed. According to the research, 86.0% of pregnant women had abnormal TSH levels. Of them, 28% had TSH levels over 4.2mIU/L, and 10% had values in the 2.5–4.2mIU/L range. Most patients' FT3 and FT4 levels were within the normal range during pregnancy. Most patients (59%) had postpartum thyroid dysfunction; ultrasonography demonstrated goitre in 56% of patients and cystic lesions in 8%. TSH concentrations between 2.5 and 4.2 mIU/L and higher than 4.2 mIU/L were found in 14% and 36% of individuals, respectively. According to the study's findings, pregnancy-related thyroid dysfunction is a prevalent illness in the population under investigation. It may dramatically impact both the mother's and the baby's health. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Post-graduate Resident, Department of General Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Gajju Khan Medical College, Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Specialist Registrar, Department of Gastroenterology, MTI-Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/pregnancyrelated-thyroid-dysfunction-and-its-effects-a-singlecenter-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Frequency Of Hypercholesteremia In Patients Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndrome Cheragh Hussain Muhammad Asghar Khan Yasir hayat Nasir Mahmood ul Hassan Hypercholeseteremia Acute Coronary Syndrome Morbidity Mortality To assess the frequency of hypercholesteremia in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome. From February 1, 2020, to February 1, 2021, 100 patients who presented with acute coronary syndrome underwent a retrospective study at the cardiology department of the Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar. The diagnosis, lab tests, patient outcomes, and demographic information were gathered and examined. All the data analysis was done by SPSS. According to the findings, 24.0% (or 100/100) of the patients had hypercholesterolemia. The patients with hypercholesterolemia were 58.75 + 9.39 years old on average. Patients with hypercholesterolemia had a 16.6% death rate. Patients with hypercholesterolemia had a substantially increased morbidity rate (OR = 2.937, p=0.01). In the examined population, hypercholesterolemia is a significant comorbidity linked to acute coronary syndrome, and it should be appropriately managed and treated to improve the management of acute coronary syndrome. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/frequency-of-hypercholesteremia-in-patients-presenting-with-acute-coronary-syndrome https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Efficiency Assessment and Strategic Insights for Enhancing Pharmaceutical Industry Performance in Pakistan: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach Muhammad Gulraiz Tariq Muhammad Ziaullah Asghar Hayyat Aatzaz Hassan Muhammad Yousif Pharmaceutical Companies DEA Methodology Total Assets Liabilities Equity Salaries Wages and other benefits Sales Earning Per Share (EPS) Pakistan's pharmaceutical sector, pivotal for GDP, employment, and poverty reduction, comprises 759 companies in dynamic growth. We employ Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to identify efficient firms in 2017-2018, showcasing DEA's superiority. Evaluating ten industry leaders, e.g., Merk, Abbott, and GSK, we assess variables like Assets, Liabilities, Sales, EPS, DPS, and ROE. High Noon excels in consistent efficiency, while others improved from 2017 inefficiencies. Sanofi, despite revenue, underutilized EPS, DPS, and ROE. The study emphasizes companies' global and national standings, offering revenue and resource optimization insights, and enhancing industry efficiency. Implementing suggestions aids firms and Pakistan's GDP, advancing the pharmaceutical sector. Valuable for international stakeholders to invest in Pakistan's pharmaceutical progress. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Education Officer, School Education Department, District School Education Authority, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/efficiency-assessment-and-strategic-insights-for-enhancing-pharmaceutical-industry-performance-in-pakistan-a-data-envelopment-analysis-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Pharmacological and Dietary Intervention in Prevention of Overactive Bladder Disease in Department of Urology of MMC, District Mardan, Pakistan Zafar Ahmad Khan Muhammad Shahzad Syed Munib Azara-Ghani Rahmat Ali Khan Lifestyle Changes Nutritional Treatments Physical Activity Diet OAB IPSS OABSS To determine the role of diet and lifestyle in preventing overactive bladder. The current study was done at the Department of Urology, MMC, Mardan for a duration of one year from January 2019 and January 2020. A total of 50 OAB patients were enrolled. Following clinical exams, the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) and International Prostate Symptom Scale (IPSS) questionnaires were used to rate the patients' symptoms. All the data was analyzed by using SPSS. Dietary and lifestyle improvements significantly decreased the respondents' evaluations of OAB symptoms. The findings also showed that, even while exercise was beneficial in easing OAB symptoms, dietary changes successfully managed OAB. According to the existing research, dietary changes and lifestyle adjustments may help manage OAB. An overactive bladder may be collected temporarily and permanently by adopting a better lifestyle that includes a balanced diet, frequent exercise, and less stress. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, MTI-Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan Associate Professor, Department of Urology, Institute of Kidney Disease Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Urologist, MTI-Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Urologist, MTI-Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, Miangul Abdul Haq Jahanzeb Kidney Hospital Swat, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/pharmacological-and-dietary-intervention-in-prevention-of-overactive-bladder-disease-in-department-of-urology-of-mmc-district-mardan-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Frequency of hemoglobinopathies in Children Presenting with Pallor to Pediatrics Clinic HMC/IBP Ambreen Ahmad Samina Shams Samreen Ahmad Beta Thalassemia Hemoglobinopathies Sickle Cell Disease Anemia Hb Electrophoresis The aim of this study was to collect data on different haemoglobin disorders in children who presented to the pediatric clinic at HMC/IBP with pallor and microcytic hypochromic anaemia on peripheral smears. This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in the HMC Pediatric IBP Clinic over a period of 4 years from 2018 to 2022. The blood samples were collected from patients with anaemia. All the data was analyzed using SPSS. A total of 48 children (21.6%) were diagnosed with various hemoglobinopathies, while 29 cases (13%) were classified as "undetermined" due to being borderline or requiring repeat electrophoresis. Additionally, 35 children (15.8%) were found to have other causes of anaemia. Hemoglobinopathies are a public health issue and more so in a resource-limited country like Palristan. One of the contributing causes of anaemia in the pediatric age group is hemoglobinopathies. Humanity Publications FCPS/ Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, HMC/Khyber Gilds Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. FCPS/ Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. FCPS/ Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Peshawar General Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/frequency-of-hemoglobinopathies-in-children-presenting-with-pallor-to-pediatrics-clinic-hmcibp https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Medication and Facial Nerve Rehabilitation: A Two-Year Retrospective Analysis of Microsurgical Resection Outcomes for Benign Cerebellopontine Angle Tumors in 31 Cases at Prime Teaching Hospital Peshawar Akram ullah Naeem ul Haq Mumtaz Ali Bakht-Jehan Sajid Khan Muhammad Zubair Cerebellopontine Angle Tumors Microsurgical Resection Medication Regimens Facial Nerve Rehabilitation Microsurgical excision for benign cerebellopontine angle (CP angle) tumors was done retrospectively at Prime Teaching Hospital in Peshawar for two years. With a mean age of 46.5 years, 31 Male patients were observed (68%). In post-operative treatment, the research highlights the need for customized drug regimes and thorough facial nerve rehabilitation. These approaches greatly improved patient outcomes. Nonetheless, persistent effects and variability in recovery highlight how difficult treating CP angle malignancies is. Ultimately, our study aims to improve patient well-being by highlighting the significance of individualized methods and interdisciplinary treatment in neurosurgery.This research aimed to evaluate the results of microsurgical excision for benign tumors of the cerebellopontine angle (CP angle). One of the main goals was to assess the effects of treatment plans and facial nerve rehabilitation on patient recovery. The patient demographics and follow-up period were observed to put the research in perspective. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Prime Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Institute of Neurosciences, Irfan General Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Prime Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Prime Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Senior Registrar, Department of Neurosurgery, Prime Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/medication-and-facial-nerve-rehabilitation-a-twoyear-retrospective-analysis-of-microsurgical-resection-outcomes-for-benign-cerebellopontine-angle-tumors-in-31-cases-at-prime-teaching-hospital-peshawar https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Evaluation of the Hypoglycemic Potential of Endophytic Fungi from Leaves Extract of Moringa Oliefera (Pakistan), its Identification and GC-MS Analysis Bushra Rehman Sumera Afzal Khan Hira Ikram Rabiya Nasir Aiman Umar Ethyl Acetate Extract Endophytic Fungi Moringa Oliefera Hypoglycemic Activity Crude ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi MOL1 and MOL3 of Moringa oliefera was taken to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits.100mg/kg of MOL1 the values of body weight from 1.42±0.09 decreased to 1.18±0.075 while 200mg/kg of extract reduced body weight from 1.36±0.15 to 1.11±0.132. 100 mg/kg of MOL1 treatment on 15th day showed that the BGL count was decreased from 390.2±10.9 to 200.5±7.65. At a concentration of 200 mg/kg reduced BGL count was 195.5±7.69 from 382.7±15.3. 100mg/kg MOL3 treatment decreased weight to 1.21±0.09 from 1.49±0.08 and 200mg/kg reduced body weight from 1.39±0.18 to 1.11±0.075. In group#4, which received 100 mg/kg body weight of MOL3, the BGL count on the 15th day was 387.4±6.80 and after 1 hour of post-treatment it decreased to 184.4±44.0. MOL3 concentration of 200 mg/kg reduced BGL from 410.4±45.67 to 211.6±33.33 after 3 hours of post-treatment it decreased to 180.3±34.1. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Rahman Medical Institute, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsaddda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/evaluation-of-the-hypoglycemic-potential-of-endophytic-fungi-from-leaves-extract-of-moringa-oliefera-pakistan-its-identification-and-gcms-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-I).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Overview of Pediatric Asthma: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Diagnosis: A Multi-Center Study Muhammad Qasim Khan Amir Mohammed Kiramatullah Haji Gul Afridi Sijad-Ur-Rehman Pediatric Asthma Epidemiology Clinical Characteristics Objective: In this study, the epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of paediatric asthma in a Pakistani hospital were examined. Methods: Between January 2018 and January 2019, a cross-sectional study was carried out in the paediatrics department of the LRH hospital in Peshawar. The research gathered information on the epidemiology, clinical traits, and diagnosis of paediatric asthma. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics were used. Results: The results of the study showed that the prevalence of asthma in the study population was 54%. The most common clinical symptoms reported by the children were wheezing (62.7%), coughing (58.2%), and shortness of breath (50%). The most common diagnosis of pediatric asthma was based on clinical symptoms (77.5%), followed by spirometry (17.5%) and laboratory tests (5%). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that asthma is a significant health concern among the pediatric population in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of paediatrics, Bacha Khan Medical College/Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of paediatrics, Bacha Khan Medical College/Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Bacha Khan Medical College, Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Bacha Khan Medical College, Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/an-overview-of-pediatric-asthma-epidemiology-clinical-characteristics-and-diagnosis-a-multicenter-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Spinal Tumors' Clinical Spectrum and Surgical Outcomes: Institutional Experience from a Single Center Sajid Khan Arif Hussain Muhammad Zubair Tariq Jamal Mumtaz Ali Spinal tumours; clinical spectrum' Surgical outcomes The goal of this research was to assess the outcomes of spinal tumour surgery and the broad range of patient clinical experiences. Retrospective analysis of data was performed on all patients who had spinal tumour surgery at this facility between January 2016, and December 2020. A total of one hundred twenty-seven participants in this experiment were included. The cervical area (46.02%), thoracic (30.1%), and lumbar (22.4%) spines had the greatest tumour incidence rates. When they were first diagnosed, the majority of patients (92.1%) had primary spinal tumours; however, some (08.07%) had metastatic tumours. Schwannoma was the most prevalent malignancy, with a frequency of 32.2%, followed by meningioma at 26.4% and metastatic cancers at 15.4%. The overall complication rate was 10.02%. Surprisingly, 98% of patients reported improved neurological function after surgery. According to the findings, it is fairly safe and beneficial for enhancing neurological development to remove spinal tumours. Humanity Publications Assistant professor, Prime teaching hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Senior registrar, Prime Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Senior registrar, Prime Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Medical officer, Prime Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Professor and HOD, Prime hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/spinal-tumors-clinical-spectrum-and-surgical-outcomes-institutional-experience-from-a-single-center https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Incidence of Hepatitis B in Volunteer Donors at Regional Blood Center (RBC) Peshawar Nayab SafiUllah Jan Zahish SafiUllah Jan Asfandyar Shah Roghani Saba Khan Laila Bahadur Mehreen Farooq Incidence Hepatitis B Volunteer Donors The objective of our study was to assess the incidence of hepatitis B in volunteer donors at Regional Blood Center (RBC) Peshawar. The current study was prospective study carried out at the Regional Blood Center (RBC) Peshawar from 20/10/2022 31/12/2022. A complete clinical examination was carried out for all the volunteers. Under aseptic condition, 5ml blood sample was collected from all the enrolled individuals. The plasma was separated and was screened for HBsAg. Data analysis was done by using IBM SPSS. 23 version. In the current study, a total of 463 volunteer blood donors were included. The male volunteers were 460 (99.35%) whereas female volunteers were 3 (0.65%). The mean age (SD) in our study was 27.66 (4.63) years with maximum age of 55 years and minimum age of 18 years. The overall incidence of hepatitis B was 12 (2.59%). Our study concludes that hepatitis B is highly prevalent amongst volunteer blood donors. Humanity Publications FCPS Hematology, Reginal Blood Centre, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. FCPS Hematology, Consultant Hematologist, EShifa Health Center and Shifa Labs Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. District Pathologist, Women and Children Hospital Rajjar Charsada, KP, Pakistan. Experiential Registrar Pathology, Peshawar Institute of Cardiology, KP, Pakistan. Consultant Haematologist, PATHWEL Center of Haematology and BMT, Kp, Pakistan. FCPS Hematology, Regional Blood Center Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/incidence-of-hepatitis-b-in-volunteer-donors-at-regional-blood-center-rbc-peshawar https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Frequency of Cardiac Arrhythmias Detection on 24 Hours Holter Monitoring Noorul Hadi Asfandiyar Shafiq Alam Jehandad Khan Sarmad Raza Ibrahim Shah Cardiac Arrhythmias Holter Monitoring Cardiology Mardan Medical Complex AV Block Ventricular Contractions To determine the clinical outcomes and assess the diagnostic yield of Holter monitoring and its potential use in diagnosing and managing abnormal rhythms, along with identifying patterns or trends in the prevalence of different arrhythmias, which could modify and design future research and clinical practice. It was a descriptive cross sectional study carried out at MMC Mardan on around 1000 patients, from June 2017 to December 2022. Three trained Cardiologists having more than 03 years of experience reviewed the 24-hour monitor data through the system. Among these 1000 patients, 31% had at least one arrhythmia detected on 24-hour Holter monitoring. The most common arrhythmias detected were premature ventricular contractions (54%), followed by Atrial fibrillation (18%) and supraventricular tachycardia (15%) while 2.3% had first-degree AV block, 4.5% had second-degree AV block, and 0.8% had third-degree AV block. In conclusion, our study showed that Holter monitoring for 24 hours is a useful tool for detecting a range of cardiac arrhythmias, with premature ventricular contractions being on the top, with some forms of AV block also being detected in a small group of patients, having first-degree AV block being the most common type. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Cardiology Unit, MTI Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Cardiology Unit, MTI Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Cardiology Unit, MTI Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Post Graduate Trainee, Cardiology Unit, MTI Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Post Graduate Trainee, Cardiology Unit, MTI Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Gajju Khan Medical College, Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/frequency-of-cardiac-arrhythmias-detection-on-24-hours-holter-monitoring https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Estimation of Serum Zinc and Copper in Children with Acute Diarrhea Bela Inayat Mehreen Ismail Aziz Ur Rehman Tehreem Shahid Javaid Hassan Farid Ullah Shah Serum Zinc Copper Children Acute Diarrhoea ORS Therapy Diarrhoea is a disease related to nutrition as it involves the loss of fluid and electrolytes. The death rate in children due to diarrhoea is high because of undernutrition, even if they are well-hydrated. In this examination, we sought out the concentrations of copper and zinc in the serum of children diseased with acute diarrhoea, before and after the therapy of standard ORS (oral rehydration solution) therapy and associated it with the severity of diarrhoea and its period. Children involved in the examination were 110 in number, who were diseased with acute diarrhoea. The concentrations of zinc and copper in the serum of children with acute diarrhoea were noted before (at the time of entrance) and after treating them with standard oral rehydration solution (ORS) therapy. This research showed that the levels of zinc and copper in the serum of children diseased with acute diarrhoea, declined significantly to 13% and 12.8%, respectively, from their normal serum concentrations. After treatment with ORS therapy, a further decrease of 22.4% and 22.6% is seen in the concentration of zinc and copper, respectively. Our research showed that the children who were having a very low level of zinc and copper in the plasma were more prone to be diseased with acute diarrhoea and even more severely and with longer duration. Humanity Publications Senior Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Rehman Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Physiology, Rehman Medical and Dental College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Muhammad College of Medicine, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/estimation-of-serum-zinc-and-copper-in-children-with-acute-diarrhea https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Neurosurgical Treatment of Brain Tumors: An Analysis of Current Strategies Muhammad Idris Khan Mian Iftikhar Ul Haq Zahid Khan Bakth Jamal Walayat Shah Neurosurgery Brain Tumours Contemporary Techniques Craniotomy Endoscopic Surgery Stereotaxic Surgery Radiosurgery Postoperative Morbidity Mortality We have extensively studied the strategies available to many patients admitted to the Neurosurgery Department of the Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar to combat malignant brain diseases. Our survey focused on interviewing leading neurosurgeons, learning about their procedures, and carefully reviewing numerous previous case studies. During our study, a total of sixty cases were observed. We found that craniotomy was the most prevalent method for removing brain tumours, followed by endoscopic surgery and that some patients were sent to specialized clinics for stereotactic and radio surgical procedures. The findings revealed a correlation between tumour type and tumour site, with glioblastoma multiforme and metastatic brain tumours having the greatest rates of morbidity and mortality after surgery. According to the results, craniotomy is the go-to neurosurgical operation for removing brain tumours, and the kind of brain tumour is a crucial determinant in determining the risk of postoperative complications and mortality. The results of this study may have far-reaching consequences for the development of neurosurgical knowledge and technique. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Neurosurgery Khyber teaching hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Neurosurgery HMC Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Neurosurgery LRH Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Neurosurgery Naseer Uddin Babar Hospital Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Consultant, Neurosurgery DHQ Hospital Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/neurosurgical-treatment-of-brain-tumors-an-analysis-of-current-strategies https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Surgical Treatment of Pilocytic Astrocytoma in Adults: A Study of 50 Cases: and Literature Review Naeem Ul Haq Syed Nasir Shah Sonia Sadaf Safeer Shoaib Ur Rehman Pilocytic Astrocytoma Surgical Retrospective Case Series To study the effects of treatment in adults with pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), we conducted a survey including an examination of tiny case series and research in the literature. Our study comprised 50 patients who had PA surgery at MMC Mardan, Pakistan, between February 2018 and February 2023. Our main goal was overall survival (OS), whereas our secondary goals were morbidity, quality of life, and recurrence-free survival. The mean patient age was 27.7 years, with a range of 19–62 years, throughout our follow-up period of 38.3 months, which was between 0-85 months. The survival rate according to our findings was 77.2% (96% CI: 96.02-98.3%). Moreover, the adult recurrence-free survival rate after PA surgery was 95.01% (96.07% CI: 92.07-95.09%). Quality of life assessments after surgery was significantly better than before values [p 0.001]. Notably, the most frequent consequence in 7.08% of patients was postoperative seizures. These findings imply that adult patients with PA may benefit from surgical therapy in terms of quality of life and survival. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Neurosurgery Unit, Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Registrar, Neurosurgery Unit, Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Post Graduate Resident, Radiology Unit, Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Medical Officer, Neurosurgery Unit, Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Resident Neurosurgery, Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/surgical-treatment-of-pilocytic-astrocytoma-in-adults-a-study-of-50-cases-and-literature-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Thyroid Disease Prevalence in the Local Population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan: A Single-Center Study Muhammad Hussain Afridi Tahir Ghaffar Itizaz Hayat Mohammad Khalid Khan Wiqas Ahmad Thyroid Disease Prevalence Local Population Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid illness among the indigenous population of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province. From January 2020 to January 2021, patients at the Department of Endocrinology HMC Peshawar in KP were the subjects of cross-sectional research. Data from clinical and laboratory tests were gathered using a questionnaire. The results were reported as mean, standard deviation, and the Prevalence of thyroid illness was estimated. In this research, a total of 868 individuals were included, and 88 (10.1%) of them had thyroid illnesses. Hypothyroidism (48% of cases) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (35%) were the two most prevalent thyroid conditions. The prevalence of thyroid illness was 10.1% overall in this research. Planning preventative and treatments for thyroid illnesses in the province must consider our statistics, which show that the Prevalence of thyroid disease in KP is rising. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Diabetes and Endocrinology Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Diabetes and Endocrinology Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Post-graduate Resident in General Medicine HMC, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Community Medicine Gajju Khan Medical College Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Specialist Registrar Gastroenterology, MTI-Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/thyroid-disease-prevalence-in-the-local-population-of-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-kp-pakistan-a-singlecenter-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Women at Increased Risk for Heart Failure and Mortality after Myocardial Infarction Cheragh Hussain Muhammad Asghar Khan Yasir Hayat Nasir Mahmood ul Hassan Women Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Mortality Predictors The aim of the study was to look at the risk of heart failure and mortality in women with myocardial infarction (MI). One hundred patients who were hospitalised in the cardiology department of the Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar between January 2022 and 2023 were the subject of this retrospective research. We look at the mortality, heart failure risk, and mortality factors among women with MI. We employ univariable and multivariable logistic regression models to determine the independent relationships between baseline characteristics and the risk of heart failure and death. The results of this research may be utilized to direct the treatment of women with MI and to lead the development of strategies for lowering death rates in this population. The findings of this study shed light on possible gender-related risk factors for death after MI that might be the focus of further research. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology, HMC Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology, HMC Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiology, HMC Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiology, HMC Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Cardiology, HMC Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/women-at-increased-risk-for-heart-failure-and-mortality-after-myocardial-infarction https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Prevalence of Pre-Existing Lingual Cortex Perforation Prior to Extraction of Mandibular Third Molars Muhammad Ihtesham Khan Zubair Durrani Umer Ullah Ajmal Khan Malik Farhan Hameed Sajid Hussain Mandibular Third Molars Lingual Cortex Perforation CBCT Scans Relationship The research aims to determine the relationship between the mandibular third molars and the nearby lingual cortical bone as well as to determine the frequency of lingual cortex perforation.The analysis was carried out by “CBCTs (cone beam computed tomographic scans)” of 18-65 years old patients. Lingual cortex fenestration at both root tips was observed. Almost three-quarters of radiographs showed the majority of the lingual area on the upper portion of a root (51.2% and 52.8%). The most lingual region and the area surrounding the root tip were both 1.25 mm thick. Mandibular third molars and perforated across both base levels were shown to be significantly related (P value.001). More than 50% of patients had lingual cortical perforation brought on by mandible third-molar teeth. The likelihood of lingual cortical rupture following extraction of the mandibular third molars is a sign of a prior problem rather than surgery. Humanity Publications Resident Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Rahman Dental College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rahman College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Senior Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Registrar, Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Demonstrator, Rahman College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Resident Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Sardar Begum Dental College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Science of Dental Materials, Frontier Medical and Dental College, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/prevalence-of-preexisting-lingual-cortex-perforation-prior-to-extraction-of-mandibular-third-molars https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Factors Affecting the Quality of Life Among Hemodialysis Patients Gulshan Rehana Zunaira Bashir Kalsoom Anwar Sameen Hanif Hemodialysis Patients General Hospital Lahore Pakistan In patients with end-stage renal illness, personal satisfaction is a key determinant of outcome. Therefore, should be regularly assessed in this context assessment reflects only physiological and psychological variables linked with permanent hemodialysis patients in General Hospital Lahore. Data were gathered using a modified questionnaire from Lahore General Hospital, and participants were chosen using a practical technique that included all patients receiving ubiquitous permanent hemodialysis. 110 patients receiving hemodialysis made up the study's sample size. The findings indicate that physiological and psychological variables had a good impact on the quality of life of haemodialysis patients. Work, however, was the most dreadful aspect of quality of life, while the best variables were subjective capability and the type of social collaboration. Additionally, it has been found that factors such as older age, female sexual orientation, poorer socioeconomic level, and higher instructional dimension are linked to lower results. Humanity Publications Head Nurse, DHQ Hospital, Hafizabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Charge Nurse, DHQ Hospital, Hafizabad, Punjab, Pakistan Charge Nurse, DHQ Hospital, Hafizabad, Punjab, Pakistan Anaesthesia Technologist, Hameed Latif Hospital, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/factors-affecting-the-quality-of-life-among-hemodialysis-patients https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Changing Dynamics of Trade Balance of Therapeutic, Prophylactic Uses of Medicaments in Pakistan. Maheen Amjad Arshad Mahmood Malik Maria Zaheer Abbasi Pakistan Trade Therapeutic Prophylactic NRCA Time Series Analysis This paper aims to present structural changes and trade competitiveness in Pakistan’s pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Trade of pharmaceutical inputs including therapeutic and prophylactic uses of medicaments were analysed to improve their exports. The data was collected for exports and imports of therapeutic, prophylactic uses of Medicaments for Pakistan and major export destinations (China, Germany, South Africa and India) for the period 2003-2020. The normalized RCA (NRCA) index was calculated as an alternative measure of comparative advantage and trade competitiveness of the country and for forecasting, the ARMA model was applied. Results revealed that the trade of therapeutic, prophylactic uses of Medicaments was increasing with time. Pakistan is now well known for its export of pharmaceutical products. This study will help policymakers and planners for improving the trade of therapeutic, prophylactic uses of Medicaments in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Chairman/Associate Professor, Department of Economics & Agr-Economics, PMAS- Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairman/Associate Professor, Department of Economics & Agr-Economics, PMAS- Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Economics & Agr-Economics, PMAS- Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/changing-dynamics-of-trade-balance-of-therapeutic-prophylactic-uses-of-medicaments-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Assessment of Quality of Life in UTI Infected Women's Need Development of Modern Therapeutic Interventions Zafar Ahmad Khan Muhammad Shahzad Syed Munib Azara-Ghani Rahmat Ali khan Urinary Incontinence Prevalence Quality of Life women Pakistan To find out how common urine incontinence is in Pakistan and how it affects women's quality of life. One hundred female patients with urine incontinence at the Department of Urology MMC Mardan, Pakistan participated in this prospective observational Study from January 2022 to January 2023. Patients were chosen from the Urology Department. A validated questionnaire was used to evaluate each patient's quality of life. The prevalence of urine incontinence and the resultant variation in quality of life in this cohort was assessed statistically. A total of 100 patients were enrolled. The overall mean (SD) impact on the women's quality of life was 53.4 (6). The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe urinary Incontinence was 22%, 40% and 38%. This Study shows that urine incontinence substantially affects women's quality of life and is rather common in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, MTI- Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Urology, Institute of Kidney Disease, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Disease, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Urologist, MTI- Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, Miangul Abdul Haq Jahanzeb Kidney Hospital, Swat, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/assessment-of-quality-of-life-in-uti-infected-womens-need-development-of-modern-therapeutic-interventions https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children Presenting with Pallor to Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar Samreen Ahmad Abid Salahuddin Ambreen Ahmad Iron Deficiency Anemia; Pallor; Children; Prevalence To determine the frequency of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in children who present with clinical pallor.The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, Hayatabad Medical Complex, between August 2018 and July 2022. We utilized laboratory information and took blood samples of 5ml to check for haemoglobin and ferritin levels. The criteria for IDA diagnosis were the presence of low haemoglobin levels (<11gm/dl) and low ferritin levels (<30ng/ml). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The study contained 492 children (1 to 15 years).The total number of anaemic was 467 (94.9%) and Iron Deficiency Anemia was found to be present in 28.8% of the patients. Our study concludes that the frequency of iron deficiency is high in children presenting with pallor. Initiatives like National programs incorporating short-term measures like iron supplements and long-term ones like fortifying wheat flour could decrease the burden of IDA. Humanity Publications FCPS /Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Peshawar General Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Peshawar General Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. FCPS/Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, HMC/ KGMC, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/frequency-of-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-children-presenting-with-pallor-to-hayatabad-medical-complex-peshawar https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Comparative Analysis of MRSA Isolation, Biofilm Formation, and Molecular Characteristics: Hospital-Acquired Versus Community-Acquired Strains Bushra Rehman Hira Ikram Rabiya Nasir Aiman Umar Seema Nawaz MRSA Community Associated MRSA Hospital Associated MRSA SCC mec Typing Mec A gene The current study was to look into the molecular characterisation and biofilm development of MRSA in patients who visited the Khyber Teaching Hospital, Hayatabad Medical Complex, and Lady Reading Hospital in Peshawar. Antibiotic susceptibility tests identify Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in confirmed isolates of S. aureus. PCR was used to identify a gene, which proved that the MRSA isolates were real. HA- and CA-MRSA were distinguished by SCC mec typing. The microtiter plate assay was employed to look for signs of biofilm formation. 133 (82.60%) of the 161 samples that were positive for S. aureus. Of them, 32 (19.87%) had MSSA isolates, 28 (17.39%) were culture-negative, and 101 (62.73%) were determined to carry MRSA. To confirm all positive isolates one more time, Mec A gene analysis was performed. Twenty-one (20.79%) of the eighty (79.20%) confirmed isolates were classified as undistinguishable MRSA isolates, twenty-six (32.5%) as HA-MRSA isolates, and fifty-five (67.5%) as CA-MRSA isolates. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Rahman Medical Institute, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/comparative-analysis-of-mrsa-isolation-biofilm-formation-and-molecular-characteristics-hospitalacquired-versus-communityacquired-strains https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-II).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:395024 2023-09-30 gpsr

An Observational Study for the Management of Tuberculosis at the Public Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan Anam Arshad Rimsha Abaidullah Maria Naz Bakhtiari Dur E Nayab Muhammad Zahoor ron Deficiency Anemia Pallor Children Prevalence To determine the frequency of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children who present with clinical pallor The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, Hayatabad Medical Complex, between August 2018 and July 2022. We utilized laboratory information and took blood samples of 5ml to check for hemoglobin and ferritin levels. The criteria for IDA diagnosis were the presence of low hemoglobin levels (<11gm/dl) and low ferritin levels (<30ng/ml). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The study contained 492 children between the ages of 1 year to 15 years. The total number of anemic was 467 (94.9%) and Iron Deficiency Anemia was found to be present in 28.8% of the patients. Our study concludes that the frequency of iron deficiency is high in children presenting with pallor. Initiatives like National programs incorporating short-term measures like iron supplements and long-term ones like fortifying wheat flour could decrease the burden of IDA. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/an-observational-study-for-the-management-of-tuberculosis-at-the-public-hospital-of-lahore-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:395047 2023-09-30 gpsr

Determination of Percutaneous Absorption of Polyphenols from Natural Extracts by using Franz Cell Asif Ali Muhammad Shoaib Khan Hafiz Muhammad Usman Abid Farhan Mukhtar Antioxidants Medicinal Plants Total Phenolic content Franz cell DPPH Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) This investigation aimed to explore the bioactive compound potential in medicinal plants such as polyphenols and to test the total phenol content as well as the velocity of skin absorption and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from plants and fruits. albino rats and the Franz diffusion model was used for experimentation.Raphanus sativus proved to have the most substantial phenolic content following Beta vulgaris and Rosa indicat.Analyzed compounds led to skin permeation as Malus domestica had the highest absorbent value among all tested compounds. In addition to that, all extracts were potent DPPH radical scavengers and out of these Daucus carota oil was presented with the best antioxidant ability. The outcome of these experiments advocates for constant research and the growth of highly efficient transdermal delivery systems and aesthetic concoctions with the inherent healing from nature. Humanity Publications MPhil, Department of Pharmaceutics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Pharmaceutics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Pharmaceutics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Pharmaceutics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/determination-of-percutaneous-absorption-of-polyphenols-from-natural-extracts-by-using-franz-cell https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:395048 2023-09-30 gpsr

Gradient Gels: Exploring Diverse Starch Concentrations in Hydrogel Formulations Anam Arshad Khadija Fakhar Intsaf Usman Lodhi Khadija Haroon Rameen Khurram Hydrogels Viscosity Concentration Starch Starch hydrogels can be used for both drug formulation and delivery; they have attracted a lot of interest in the pharmaceutical dispensing industry. Four pharmacy students were tasked with creating starch hydrogels in this study, with different concentrations (2%, 4%, 5%, and 10%) to see how concentration affected the hydrogels' chemical and physical characteristics. The goal of this study was to provide important new information about how to optimise starch hydrogel formulations for use in medicine. The students gained an understanding of how concentration affects properties like viscosity, mechanical strength, and transparency by methodically studying these important variables. Furthermore, the investigation examined the impact of environmental variables like pH and temperature on the stability and functionality of the starch hydrogels. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/gradient-gels-exploring-diverse-starch-concentrations-in-hydrogel-formulations https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:395049 2023-09-30 gpsr

Enhancing Transdermal Delivery of Ketorolac Tromethamine Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A Systematic Study Farhan Mukhtar Muhammad Shoaib Khan Hafiz Muhammad Usman Abid Asif Usman Ali Asad Usman Ali Waqar Usman Mukhtar ransdermal drug delivery Dimethyl Sulfoxide Ketorolac Tromethamine Franz Diffusion Cell Permeability Transdermal delivery systems which are directly applied on the skin serve as a substitute for oral drug delivery avoiding first-pass metabolism. The problem of drug penetration through the skin definitely remains one of the biggest issues. This study ascertains the likelihood of DMSO, a penetration enhancer to boost KT, one of the most powerful analgesics. Through DMSO amount variations on KT were prepared and then permeation was studied by means of a Franz Diffusion cell system on rat skin. It increased the permeability coefficient and flux with the increase of the DMSO level, and it reached the maximum when the DMSO concentration was 0. 1. Further understanding of mechanisms and optimal DMSO concentrations seem to be necessary for future development of this promising anticancer treatment approach. Briefly summarizing, DMSO does seem to meet the demands, according to the transdermal drug delivery efficacy standpoint, being safe and convenient for topical application. Humanity Publications MPhil, Department of Pharmaceutics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Pharmaceutics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Pharmaceutics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Pharmaceutics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Pharmaceutics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/enhancing-transdermal-delivery-of-ketorolac-tromethamine-using-dimethyl-sulfoxide-a-systematic-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:395058 2023-09-30 gpsr

Overview of Peptic Ulcer along with its Conventional and Improvement Therapies: A Study of Glycopyrrolate and Management of Peptic Ulcer Kainat Hameed Amna Shahid Abiha Zainab Ahsan Zafar eptic Ulcer Glycopyrrolate Ulcer Management Helicobacter Pylori Proton Pump Inhibitors Histamine H2-receptor Antagonists Antacids Mucosal Protective Agents Peptic ulcer disease remains a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder globally, posing significant challenges in its management. This comprehensive review provides an overview of peptic ulcer pathology, conventional treatment modalities, and recent advancements in therapeutic approaches. Traditional treatments, among them histamine receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, and antibiotic regimens, have shown efficacy in ulcer healing and symptom alleviation. However, emerging evidence suggests limitations such as drug resistance and adverse effects. In light of these challenges, this article delves into the potential of Glycopyrrolate, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, as a novel therapeutic agent for peptic ulcer management. However, still there may be aggravation of peptic ulcer leading to severe conditions like perforated gastric ulcer, and gastric bleeding where surgery is only beneficial. Humanity Publications Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/overview-of-peptic-ulcer-along-with-its-conventional-and-improvement-therapies-a-study-of-glycopyrrolate-and-management-of-peptic-ulcer https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Exploring The Therapeutic Potential of the Uricase Enzyme in Modern Medicine Sidra Sarwar Areej Ali Mariam Ahmed Minahil Qadeer Faiza Mushtaq Muhammad Asim Latif Uricase Enzyme Therapeutic Potential Modern Medicine Hyperuricemia Gout Biomarker Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Implementation Efficacy and Safety Clinical Trials Uricase, which is an enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of purines, has recently attracted a lot of attention in modern medicine. This article offers a comprehensive and detailed overview of the use of uricase in different fields of medicine. It describes what uricase is and its function in the metabolic process regarding uric acid and its relevance in medicine. New directions in the application of uricase in the treatment of diseases such as gout are explained. Furthermore, the article discusses the concerns and issues that research and clinical applications face when introducing uricase and attempting to enhance its efficacy and security. The conclusion brings the focus to uricase for it to be emphasized as a therapeutic agent of the 21st century with development and clinical trials exploration being necessary. Humanity Publications Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-therapeutic-potential-of-the-uricase-enzyme-in-modern-medicine https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Inhibitory Actions of Catechins, Pro-anthocyanidins, and Flavonols Against Pathogens Resistant to Multiple Drugs: Flavonoid Forcefields Muhammad Hasnat Akhtar Flavonoids Antibacterial Activity Multidrug Resistance There is an urgent requirement for the development of novel and creative antimicrobial techniques to fight against the menace of emerging drug-resistant microorganisms. This research evaluates the antibacterial activity of three flavonoid compounds against resistant strains of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi: catechins, pro-anthocyanidins, and flavonols. By recognized antimicrobial susceptibility techniques, both the MIC and MBC were determined to show considerable antibacterial activity. Flavonols exhibited the highest zones of inhibition, with peak inhibition measuring 24.4±0.03 mm. It also reflected the most significant bactericidal and inhibitory effect, especially against S. aureus. Flavonoids may provide scaffolds for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. Flavonoids may be the weapon of choice to fight against bacterial strains that are resistant to conventional antibiotics since they offer a natural substitute that is not only safe but efficacious as well. Humanity Publications MBBS, CMH Kharian Medical College, Kharian, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/inhibitory-actions-of-catechins-proanthocyanidins-and-flavonols-against-pathogens-resistant-to-multiple-drugs-flavonoid-forcefields https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Enhancing the Educational Landscape: Quality Improvement in Pharmaceutical Dispensing Course at the Undergraduate Level of Pharmacy Department Arbab Hassan Waqas Mubarak Ahtasham ul Haq Quality Improvement Student Perception Pharmaceutical Education Pharmaceutical Dispensing Course The study explores the influence of experiential learning approaches on the quality of Pharmaceutical Dispensing education in Undergraduate Pharmacy Programs. To shape the future, emphasizing the importance of pharmacy education in healthcare. This study collected data from 200 pharmacy undergraduate students using a cross-sectional, quantitative approach, using the 5 Likert scale and SPSS for data analysis, using EFA and ANOVA tests. The findings indicate that every pharmaceutical education component directly and substantially improves the quality of the pharmaceutical dispensing course. Additionally, as mediators between the presence of student engagement and the qualitative improvement of the pharmaceutical dispensing course, pharmaceutical educational elements have a highly favorable impact. The study acknowledges limitations such as self-reporting biases, cross-sectional data, and its exclusive focus on undergraduate pharmacy students in Pakistan. This study offers theoretical literature for future researchers, allowing them to use this model for evaluating other courses, although generalization beyond this population may be limited. Humanity Publications Undergraduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/enhancing-the-educational-landscape-quality-improvement-in-pharmaceutical-dispensing-course-at-the-undergraduate-level-of-pharmacy-department https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Enhancing Bioavailability with Oromucosal Products: Opportunities and Challenges Syed Muhammad Talha Pakeeza Zainab Mamoona Khalid Areej Javed romucosal Drug Delivery Bioavailability Patient Compliance Drug Targeting Safety Considerations Innovative Technologies Future Directions The oral mucosa offers an attractive route for the systemic delivery of drugs. The bioavailability and effectiveness of many drugs can be increased by administering them through the oral mucosa which bypasses the first-pass metabolism effect. This article will discuss principles, application areas, benefits & drawbacks as well as possible future perspectives for the study and development of oromucosal drug delivery systems. Among the critical benefits of administering drugs via the mouth is that it starts acting fast, is easily absorbed into the bloodstream, makes it easier for patients to follow their prescriptions as well and offers more freedom in terms of dosage control. The article emphasizes innovative technologies such as nanoparticulate formulations as well as microfabricated devices which are slated to improve drug targeting and delivery. It also touches on such related issues as taste masking, variability in bioavailability, and regulatory concerns. Humanity Publications Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/enhancing-bioavailability-with-oromucosal-products-opportunities-and-challenges https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Knowledge and Perception of Graduating Pharmacists about Prescribed Antibiotics as a Futuristic Appraisal of Good Dispensing Practices Nazzaha Manal Hira Noor Anam Arshad Graduating Pharmacists Antibiotic Prescription Good Dispensing Practices WHO Indicators Antibiotics cure infectious diseases however; their irrational use may devastate by way of microbial resistance, adverse drug reactions, and or worsening of the diseased conditions. This study is aimed not only to assess the existing loopholes in dispensing antibiotics but also a futuristic appraisal inferencing preparation of graduating pharmacists for good dispensing practices. Therefore, the population included in the study are Pharm D students to appraise their knowledge level and perception regarding antibiotic prescription and dispensing that will serve as key indicators to the community being served. A precondition for the participants was their exposure to infectious diseases and use of antibiotics during pharmacy graduation studies to include a knowledgeable population. A questionnaire was prepared comprising expected breaches during the dispensing and course of treatment with antibiotics, which was sent electronically to the participants. A population of 2500 students was focused on geographic proximity where they may share the common job market in dispensing pharmacies. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar , Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/knowledge-and-perception-of-graduating-pharmacists-about-prescribed-antibiotics-as-a-futuristic-appraisal-of-good-dispensing-practices https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and Multi-Omics Data Integration in Precision Medicine: Foundations, Clinical Applications, and Translational Challenges Anika Anwar Shoshi Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning Multi-Omics Integration Precision Medicine Biomarker Discovery Clinical Decision Support Digital Health Modern biomedicine has generated molecular and clinical data that are no longer readily analysed within the framework of an older culture. Today, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and epigenomic measurements are routinely generated alongside electronic health records and continuous signals from wearables, and the challenge has shifted from a lack of data to principled interpretation. This review examines how artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning, connects multi-omics data to clinical decision-making. It outlines statistical and deep-learning principles, reviews early, intermediate, and late integration strategies, and highlights applications in oncology, cardiovascular medicine, neurology, chronic disease prevention, and infectious-disease surveillance. Technical performance alone is insufficient; validation, interpretability, equity, and regulatory compliance ultimately determine whether a promising model becomes a usable clinical tool. The review concludes with a plan for translation and the challenges that remain between the promise of the computer and lasting benefit in the clinic. Humanity Publications Dr. Sirajul Islam Medical College & Hospital Ltd, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/the-convergence-of-artificial-intelligence-and-multiomics-data-integration-in-precision-medicine-foundations-clinical-applications-and-translational-challenges https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(VIII-IV).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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A Comprehensive Review on Implementation of Quality by Design in Varied Pharmaceutical Formulations Aqsa Qaisar Maryam Sikandar Rehan Rustam Afifa Uppal Muhammad Adnan Zahid Ali Quality by Design formulation Development Design Space Pharmaceuticals. This review article investigates how Quality by Design (QbD) ideas are used in different pharmaceutical development processes, such as the creation of analytical methods, formulation optimization, and nanoparticle production. In order to improve product quality, reliability, and regulatory compliance, it covers a variety of studies that use QbD approaches. Critical quality attributes and process variables are discovered and optimized to meet desired product characteristics through systematic methodologies such as central composite design, factorial design, and response surface analysis. The experiments demonstrate the adaptability and effectiveness of the QbD strategy in pharmaceutical development by examining a range of drug delivery systems, including lipid nanoparticles and fast dissolving tablets. The significance of QbD is emphasized in the article as a means of guaranteeing uniform product quality, fulfilling regulatory obligations, and enhancing patient outcomes. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate,Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/a-comprehensive-review-on-implementation-of-quality-by-design-in-varied-pharmaceutical-formulations https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2024(IX-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Applications and Challenges of CRISPER/Cas-9 System in Cancer Therapy Ahmad Jalal Masood Ejaz Ahmed Rimsha Iftikhar Laiba Javed Aimen Sahar Muhammad Hossain Recombinant DNA Technology CRISPER/Cas-9 Applications Challenges Genome Genome Engineering. This review article is aimed at providing an outline of the present information base available on the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer therapy and the challenges raised by its implementation. We will first explain the mechanism of action and other key components pertaining to the functioning of CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Further, we will provide case studies that have had some success in pre-clinical and clinical applications of CRISPR/Cas9. However, there are several challenges that prevent the wide application of this very promising approach of CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer therapy. Among them are off-target effects and unintended mutations, difficulties in delivery, targeting specificity, etc. Specificity enhancement, improvement in delivery systems, and solutions against regulatory challenges have been described. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/applications-and-challenges-of-crispercas9-system-in-cancer-therapy https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2024(IX-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Genetic Polymorphism and Its Impact on Atorvastatin Efficacy: Personalizing Hyperlipidemia Treatment Huma Sajjad Syed Muhammad Talha Syed Qurat ul Ain Ali Hufsa Arooj Genetic Polymorphism Statin Atorvastatin Hyperlipidemia LDL HDL Hyperlipidemia is a main risk factor for coronary heart disease, which is commonly treated with statins, especially atorvastatin. However, the efficacy and harmful effects vary from person to person. Nearly 50% discontinue treatment within one year, mainly because of intolerance to statins associated with musculoskeletal symptoms. The presence of genetic polymorphisms in various genes greatly affects atorvastatin metabolism, response, and adverse events. This review covers pharmacogenetics in genes such as APOE, HMGCR, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2D6, CETP, LDLR, PCSK9, ABCB1, ABCG5/8, SLCO1B1, and KIF6 affecting atorvastatin lipid-lowering therapeutic action. The knowledge of these genetic factors is crucial in adjusting therapy to reduce adverse reactions and in paving the way for personalized therapeutics in the management of hyperlipidemia. Humanity Publications ASHP IPPRP Resident Pharmacist, Shifa International Hospital (SIH), Islamabad, Pakistan. ASHP IPPRP Resident Pharmacist, Shifa International Hospital (SIH), Islamabad, Pakistan. Staff Pharmacist, Shifa International Hospital (SIH), Islamabad, Pakistan. Clinical Trial Pharmacist, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/genetic-polymorphism-and-its-impact-on-atorvastatin-efficacy-personalizing-hyperlipidemia-treatment https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2024(IX-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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pH Responsive Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment Maida Noor Muhammad Saad Ali Hafiza Arooba Shakeel pH-responsive Polymers Cancer Therapy Polymeric Micelles Hydrogels Lipid-Based Systems Drug Delivery Systems Tumor Micro Environment (Tme) pH-Sensitive Liposomes Inorganic Nanoparticles Quant pH-responsive Polymer-Based Systems like polymeric micelles, hydrogels, and lipid-based technologies can assist in cancer treatment where drugs are undergoing release only at certain regions within a tumor implant hence augmenting their delivery efficiency. pH-Responsive polymers and lipids can change their structures in response to the pH gradient of solid tumors; this permits stepwise medication delivery within the acidic TME. This review aims to discuss the different categories of pH-sensitive drug delivery systems based on the comparison of its working principle, the recent development of the concept, and the applications. Liposomes and pH-sensitive lipid nanoparticles such as Lipid-Based Systems employ triggered membrane disruption at pH to release the drugs. Quantum dots and mesoporous silica nanoparticles are examples of inorganic nanoparticles through encapsulation. These systems can enhance medication stability, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic outcomes while reducing deleterious effects that could result from targeting. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/ph-responsive-drug-delivery-systems-for-cancer-treatment https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2024(IX-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Evaluating Poly-Pharmacy and Drug Interactions in Cardiovascular Treatment: A Call for Vigilant Medication Management Muhammad Adnan Savera Saghir Ejaz Ahmed Aimen Sahar Ahmad Jalal Masood Cardiovascular Diseases Drug-drug Interactions (DDI’s) Poly-pharmacy Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) have a considerable impact on therapeutic response which, in turn, could result in adverse drug reactions (ADRs), or even treatment failure. It was directed at patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as this patient group is more likely to experience DDIs owing to the complexity and number of their drug treatments. The study, analyzed 108 prescriptions using different analytical tools which was carried out for two weeks in Muzaffarabad and Peshawar, Pakistan. The correlation between the number of prescribed drugs and DDIs is significant. There were DDIs in 68.51% of the total number of prescriptions (74/108), including serious interactions in 15.35%. Preservations of prescription practice have to be developed since the results are beginning to underline this last point, especially in a poly-pharmacy environment. Humanity Publications Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/evaluating-polypharmacy-and-drug-interactions-in-cardiovascular-treatment-a-call-for-vigilant-medication-management https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2024(IX-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Exploring Oral Immunotherapeutics in Oncology: Uses, Side Effects Novel Approaches, Challenges, and Future Prospects Kalya Ahmad Sandhu Asawar Yameen Naima Zafar Hira Ali Usama Abid Mishkaat Raza Cancer ADCs Immunotherapeutic Oral Immunotherapeutic Combination Therapies Targeted Therapies Adverse Effects Challenges Advancement in Immunotherapy Immunotherapy is a medical intervention in which certain immune system components are used to combat disease. Usually, immunotherapy works by helping the body fight off the offending substance by modifying it as well as boosting the immune system. Biologic therapy or biotherapy are additional terms for certain forms of immunotherapy. Different advances and novel approaches have been studied such as cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, etc. Oral immunotherapeutics are used in a variety of solid tumors and hematological malignancies but still, these immunotherapeutics have their own limitations and adverse effects. Management of these side effects and optimization of therapeutic benefits remains a challenge. Moreover, challenges such as patient selection, dose optimization, and medication resistance are major issues that hinder the widespread use of oral immunotherapeutics. However, the future of oral immunotherapy in oncology seems to be promising due to the new advancements and research done. New advancements hold the potential to revolutionize cancer therapy. Humanity Publications Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/exploring-oral-immunotherapeutics-in-oncology-uses-side-effects-novel-approaches-challenges-and-future-prospects https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2024(IX-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Nanocarrier-Based Therapeutics and Theranostics Drug Delivery Systems for Next Generation of Liver Cancer Nanodrug Modalities Dua Zahid Rabia Tahir Wajiha Ashfaq Abdul Wasay Qamer Iqbal NP (nanoparticles) EPR (Enhanced permeation and retention) TME (tumor microenvironment) MDR (multiple drug resistance) HCC (hepatic cell carcinoma) SDDS (Smart Drug Delivery Systems) This review focuses on the physicochemical properties of nanocarriers (NCs) and the physical properties of the tumor microenvironment (TME), highlighting strategies used to specifically deliver molecules of interest to specific lesions. This review discusses these products, explains the simple selection of high-performance and active methods, and illustrates this with examples of drugs that are focused on clinical research or treatment. The last few years have seen an increase in targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. Although many trials have been completed, only a few targets of nanocarriers have been approved for clinical use, and no interaction with nanoparticles has been confirmed. Here we review the details of these two processes and their effects on the tumor microenvironment. We also focus on the limitations and advantages of each system at both laboratory and commercial scales. The current article discusses how NC and enhanced access and retention affect passive targeting. Humanity Publications Graduate at Saulat Institute of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, QAU, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate at Saulat Institute of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, QAU, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate at Saulat Institute of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, QAU, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate at Saulat Institute of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, QAU, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate at Saulat Institute of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, QAU, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/nanocarrierbased-therapeutics-and-theranostics-drug-delivery-systems-for-next-generation-of-liver-cancer-nanodrug-modalities https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2024(IX-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Analyzing Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis Trends Amidst the Rise of SGLT-2 Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review Muhammad Adnan Ejaz Ahmed Aimen Sahar Savera Saghir Mohammad Hossein Rafieikia Ahtasham Saleem DKA Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis (EDKA) SGLT-2 Inhibitors Type II Diabetes Patient Education This overview investigates the increasing prevalence of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor-associated euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) in type II diabetes patients. Due to its tendency to occur with normal or somewhat high blood sugar levels, EDKA poses unique obstacles to diagnosis and treatment. Based on an extensive review of recent literature, we examine clinical motifs, hazards, and remedy approaches. Our results emphasize how crucial it is to educate patients and actively monitor their ketone levels, particularly before and after operations or sickness. Our goal is to gain a greater awareness of the intricacies of EDKA in order to guide future investigations in this field and boost therapeutic results and evaluation. Humanity Publications Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate, Bioscience Department, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/analyzing-euglycemic-diabetic-ketoacidosis-trends-amidst-the-rise-of-sglt2-inhibitors-a-comprehensive-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2024(IX-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gpsrjournal.com:395450 2024-09-30 gpsr

Pioneering Oral Insulin Formulations and Delivery Techniques: A Review Savera Saghir Mobina Hameed Mahnoor Tariq Kiani Sheema Fazal Madiha Hafiz Oral Insulin; Diabetes-Mellitus; Noval Insulin Preparation; Insulin Formulation Technology; Bioavailability The development of oral insulin presents significant promise for diabetes treatment, mitigating peripheral hyperinsulinemia, weight gain, and hypoglycemia while enhancing patient convenience and facilitating rapid insulinization of the liver. Effective oral insulin products are crucial for early intensive insulin therapy, which ensures tight glycaemic control and delays diabetes complications. However, despite the need, oral insulin has faced many challenges, and past technologies have had limited success. Repeated insulin injections can result in local hypertrophy over time generating attention to user-friendly oral insulin delivery systems that are not invasive to the body and copy the natural pathway. This review article examines New methods for oral insulin delivery that have shown promise, using techniques like complexation, hydrogels, and nanoparticles to boost effectiveness, though they still trail injectable insulin. Further studies will help determine how well oral insulin works at various doses and inform the development of competing formulations. Humanity Publications Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Graduate Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/pioneering-oral-insulin-formulations-and-delivery-techniques-a-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2024(IX-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections among Uropathogens in Pakistan Furqan Hashmi Fareeha Parveen Dil Awaiz Khadija Tahira Sarah Ghayyur Maida Noor Antimicrobial Resistance Urinary Tract Infections Uropathogens Public Health Urinary tract infections are a major global health concern that has a substantial impact on mortality and morbidity rates as well as treatment costs. Antimicrobial resistance is making this issue extremely challenging to handle, particularly in developing nations like Pakistan where Escherichia coli is increasingly exhibiting quinolone resistance. 500 UTI patients' urine samples were analyzed as part of a retrospective study to determine patterns of antimicrobial resistance. Escherichia coli was found to be the most frequently isolated pathogen, and the results showed a significant incidence of AMR. The majority of patients in the samples were female (58.8%), and the elderly patients had the highest frequency of UTIs (34.4% of patients over 60). The uropathogens were relatively responsive to Vancomycin and Linezolid, but extremely resistant to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Ciprofloxacin. As a result, these findings ought to support cautious antibiotic usage, ongoing monitoring for novel antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and research for improved AMR management. Humanity Publications Professor, College of Pharmacy, Punjab University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Graduate, College of Pharmacy, Punjab University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7135-6815?lang=en Graduate, College of Pharmacy, Punjab University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Graduate, College of Pharmacy, Punjab University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Graduate, College of Pharmacy, Punjab University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gpsrjournal.com/article/antimicrobial-resistance-in-urinary-tract-infections-among-uropathogens-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2024(IX-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan